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Cancer; humanity's modern day scourge!

Posted: Fri Jul 22, 2022 4:20 pm
by Hуgιєια

Note: this is not medical advice; do your own research and consult an appropriate health professional like a Naturopath who always aims to treat the cause, not just the symptoms as today's allopathic medicine does.

♦ Our present day epidemic of cancer, as all other degenerative diseases, can be correlated to the adverse influences discussed above, of which modern diet is the most prevalent in the genesis of this disease.
Diet directly influences the body's make-up; 'we are what we eat' denotes more than just the physical constituents of our 30 to 100 trillion cells; it encompasses all of our health; soma and psyche; physical and mental, literally!

Cancer arises when the quality of the blood deteriorates, becomes sticky, clogged with lipids (LDL), cholesterol and triglycerides (waxy fats) and un-excreted waste.
This interrupts the proper functioning of the body's metabolism and organs like the liver, kidney and lymphatic system.
As a result the blood and interstitial fluid become a toxic environment for cells, which is the cause of pathogenesis, i.e. the cause of cancer and other degenerative diseases.

As always, prevention is better than cure, thus being cognisant of the previously discussed dietary implications to one's health are the first step towards recovery.
  • First elimination of all animal fats, sugars, processed and artificially preserved and seasoned foods is absolutely essential!
  • Then strictly adhering to a diet rich in organic vegetables, whole grains like brown rice, vegetable proteins like soy i.e. tofu, soy milk and other soy derived products, and fruits are essential. Limit the intake of seafood to the occasional white meat fish as a good source of protein.
    During recovery phase from severe illness the amount of fats, oils and also fish and seafood should be strictly limited.
    Vegetable Soups and especially Miso Soups with sea-vegetables are the most healthy for recovery from severe illness and for maintaining good overall health!
    (♦ See more at the [Diet] Tab!)

Besides these initial and essential therapeutic measures, there is a plethora of natural herbs and organic compounds, which modern science belatedly discovered, which have displayed promising prophylactic and therapeutic effects for cancer and other degenerative diseases.

Cancer thrives in an acidic environment, which is integral to the cause of cancer.
Therefore foods which cause an acidic condition in the body must be strictly avoided and foods which create an alkaline environment should be favoured.
Certain foods may be acidic in their raw state but the 'Potential Renal Acid Load', PRAL, indicates whether they will create an acidic or alkaline condition in the blood during metabolism.

♦ See the following study:

Dietary Acid Load: mechanisms and evidence of its health repercussions
"In general, foods rich in protein, such as meat, cheese, eggs, and others, increase the production of acid in the body, whereas fruit and vegetables increase alkalis. The capacity of acid or base (alkaline) production of any food is called potential renal acid load (PRAL).
Diets high in PRAL induce a low-grade metabolic acidosis state, which is associated with the development of metabolic alterations such as insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, bone disorders, low muscle mass and other complications."

PMID: 30737117 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2018.10.005

♦ Selecting a more alkaline, healthy and balanced diet based on:

Vegetables PRAL Score Uric Acid mg/100g
Spinach -14.0 61
Carrot -5.7 2.5
Pumpkin -5.6 66.3
Celery -5.2
Cucumber -5.0 11.1
Chinese Cabbage, Bok Choi -5.0 8.2
Daikon / Oriental Radish -4.89
Radish -3.7
Broccoli -3.6 81.8
Starch/Carbohydrates PRAL Score Uric Acid mg/100g
Sweet Potato -8.15 20.1
Potato -6.08 7.5
Whole-meal Bread -3.55
Spaghetti/Pasta 2.22
Brown Rice 2.3 43.7
Oats 2.8
Millet 2.93
Protein PRAL Score Uric Acid mg/100g
Textured Vegetable Protein, dry -10.58
Beans -9.6
Soymilk -1.6 25.8
Tofu 2.25 23.3
Lentils 3.5
Tempeh 5.7
Fats & Oils PRAL Score Uric Acid mg/100g
Avocado/Avocado Oil [ζ] -8.2
Nuts (Hazelnuts) -4.1
Peanuts -2.9
Sesame -0.17
Sesame Oil 0.3
Rice Bran Oil 0
Beverages PRAL Score
Cocoa -9.9
Carrot Juice -4.8
Mixed Vegetable Juice -3.6
Green Tea -1.2
Water 0
Snacks/Deserts/Fruits PRAL Score
Raisins -21
Dates -11.9
Avocado -8.2
Bananas -6.9
Kiwifruit -4.1
Hazelnuts -2.8
Pineapple -2.7


[ζ] Avocado/Oil contains:
Total Fat: 14g/100g
* Polyunsaturated Fat: 1.8g/100g (Omega-6)
* Monounsaturated Fat: 9.8g/100g (Omega-3)
(* These fats help lower LDL (bad) cholesterol.)

✘ See more Food Tables sorted by PRAL and Glycemic Index here!




♦ Therapeutic and prophylactic Herbs and Compounds which research has shown to be effective prophylactics and therapeutics for Cancer:


*** Significant dietary sources of Flavan-3-ol are: Green Tea, Apples raw and Apple Juice, Bananas, Blueberries, Peaches, Pears, Strawberries.


♦ Causes of Cancer:






Please note that while most foods only list one value for GI and GL, they may in fact vary widely depending on variety, growing conditions and degree of processing of the food.
Foods in green are deemed to be much more conducive to overall health, even if they show a higher GI than red colored foods.
Unless you are on a strict low glycemic diet and diagnosed with diabetes, it is best to select foods from the green category and combine these with beans, bean products and other low GI foods for an overall healthy, low GI meal.

♦ Following a Table listing Foods sorted according to their Uric Acid conversion during metabolism and their PRAL Score.
The second Table below is sorted according to their PRAL score.


• Negative PRAL scores indicate alkaline foods while positive scores list acidic foods:

Foodstuffs Total Purines Uric Acid mg/100g Pral Score
Chicken Liver 312.2 363.1 20.49
Parsley 288.9 341.3 -11.13
Shrimp 273.2 321.1 12.56
Beef Liver 219.8 255.5 22.73
Rainbow Trout 180.9 216.8 10.8
Oyster 184.5 213.5 1.88
Squid, Spear Squid 160.5 190.0 9.37
Beef Topside 143.5 173.8 12.5
Chicken Breast 141.2 171.8 16.5
Clam, Mussels, Shellfish 145.5 171.5 11.1
Mackerel 139.3 171.5 7.28
Chicken Wing 137.5 168.1 13.93
Octopus 137.3 159.7 8.69
Salmon; canned 132.9 159.7 14.0
Salmon 119.3 146.2 11.5
Tuna Canned 116.9 142.9 10.09
Pork, Rump 113 137.8 7.9
Beans 128 -9.6
Fish, Carp 103.2 126.1 11.75
Sheep, Mutton 96.2 117.7 11.58
Raisins 107 -21
Broccoli 70 81.8 -3.6
Processed Fish; Fish Balls 67.6 80.7 7.72
Bacon 61.8 75.6 16.56
Bamboo Shoots 63.3 74 -8.0
Cauliflower 57.2 67.2 -1.3
Fig 64 -4.88
Sesame 62 0.3
Sausage, Frankfurter 49.8 60.5 10.6
Eggplant 50.7 58.7 -3.4
Peanut 49.1 57.1 6.2
Rice, brown 37.4 43.7 2.3
Dates 35 -11.9
Cheese 32 34.0
Wheat Bread white 25.8 30.3 -3.55
Rice, polished 25.9 30.3 1.7
Soymilk 22 25.8 -1.6
Shiitake, fresh 20.8 24.4 -1.4
Tofu 20 23.3 2.25
Avocado 18.4 21.8 -8.2
Garlic 17 20.1 -2.6
Sweet Potato 17 20.1 -8.15
Pineapple 19 -2.21
Corn 11.7 13.7 *
Asparagus 10.2 12 -2.2
Cucumber 9.4 11.1 -5.0
Chinese Cabbage 7 8.2 -5.0
Potato 6.5 7.5 -6.08
Cabbage 3.2 3.8 -4.3
Tomato 3.1 3.7 -4.1
Banana 3 3.5 -6.9
Onion 2.3 2.7 -2.0
Carrot 2.2 2.5 -5.7
Strawberry 2.1 2.4 6.8
Additional Foods; No Uric Acid Data
Ice Cream 28.7
Tamarind, raw -11
Textured Vegetable Protein dry -10.58
Seaweed -4.8
Papaya -4.03
Mango -3.01
Cocoa -9.9

♦ Table sorted according to PRAL Score:

Foodstuffs Total Purines Uric Acid mg/100g Pral Score
Raisins -21
Dates -11.9
Parsley 288.9 341.3 -11.13
Tamarind, raw -11
Textured Vegetable Protein dry -10.58
Cocoa -9.9
Beans * * -9.6
Avocado 18.4 21.8 -8.2
Sweet Potato 17 20.1 -8.15
Bamboo Shoots 63.3 74 -8.0
Banana 3 3.5 -6.9
Potato 6.5 7.5 -6.08
Carrot 2.2 2.5 -5.7
Cucumber 9.4 11.1 -5.0
Chinese Cabbage 7 8.2 -5.0
Fig -4.88
Seaweed -4.8
Cabbage 3.2 3.8 -4.3
Tomato 3.1 3.7 -4.1
Papaya -4.03
Broccoli 70 81.8 -3.6
Wheat Bread, white 25.8 30.3 -3.55
Eggplant 50.7 58.7 -3.4
Mango -3.01
Garlic 17 20.1 -2.6
Pineapple -2.21
Asparagus 10.2 12 -2.2
Onion 2.3 2.7 -2.0
Soymilk 22 25.8 -1.6
Shiitake, fresh 20.8 24.4 -1.4
Cauliflower 57.2 67.2 -1.3
Sesame 0.3
Rice, polished 25.9 30.3 1.7
Oyster 184.5 213.5 1.88
Tofu 20 23.3 2.25
Rice, brown 37.4 43.7 2.3
Peanut 49.1 57.1 6.2
Strawberry 2.1 2.4 6.8
Mackerel 139.3 171.5 7.28
Processed Fish; Fish Balls 67.6 80.7 7.72
Pork, Rump 113 137.8 7.9
Octopus 137.3 159.7 8.69
Squid, Spear Squid 160.5 190.0 9.37
Tuna Canned 116.9 142.9 10.09
Sausage, Frankfurter 49.8 60.5 10.6
Rainbow Trout 180.9 216.8 10.8
Clam, Mussels, Shellfish 145.5 171.5 11.1
Salmon 119.3 146.2 11.5
Sheep, Mutton 96.2 117.7 11.58
Fish, Carp 103.2 126.1 11.75
Beef Topside 143.5 173.8 12.5
Shrimp 273.2 321.1 12.56
Chicken Wing 137.5 168.1 13.93
Salmon; canned 132.9 159.7 14.0
Chicken Breast 141.2 171.8 16.5
Bacon 61.8 75.6 16.56
Chicken Liver 312.2 363.1 20.49
Beef Liver 219.8 255.5 22.73
Ice Cream 28.7
Cheese 32 34.0

♦ Causes of Cancer
  • [αα] Oral contraceptive use as a risk factor for premenopausal breast cancer: a meta-analysis.
    Use of Oral Contraceptives was associated with an increased risk of premenopausal breast cancer in general (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.09-1.29) and across various patterns of OC use.
    Among studies that provided data on nulliparous (no children) and parous (had children) women separately, OC use was associated with breast cancer risk in both parous (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.20-1.40) and nulliparous (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 0.92-1.67) women.
    Longer duration of use did not substantially alter risk in nulliparous women (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 0.85-1.96).
    Among parous women, the association was stronger when OCs were used before first full-term pregnancy (FFTP) (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.28-1.62) than after FFTP (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.06-1.26).
    The association between OC use and breast cancer risk was greatest for parous women who used OCs 4 or more years before FFTP (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.26-1.82).

    CONCLUSION:
    Use of OCs is associated with an increased risk of premenopausal breast cancer, especially with use before FFTP in parous women.
    Mayo Clin Proc. 2006 Oct;81(10):1290-302. PMID: 17036554


  • [ββ] Pesticide exposure and risk of bladder cancer: A meta-analysis.
    Results:
    The pooled OR estimates indicated that pesticide exposure was associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer (OR=1.649, 95% CI 1.223-2.223).
    In subgroup analysis, we detected pesticide exposure demonstrated as a significant risk factor on bladder cancer in America (OR=1.741, 95% CI 1.270-2.388).
    Similar results were discovered in both case-control group and cohort group (OR=2.075, 95% CI 1.183-3.638, OR=1.146, 95% CI 1.074-1.223, respectively). No evidence of publication bias was found by Begg's or Egger's test (P = 0.210, P = 0.358, respectively).
    Conclusion
    In conclusion, our meta-analysis indicated that pesticide exposure was associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer.
    Further researches should be conducted to confirm the findings in our study and better clarify the potential biological mechanisms.
    Oncotarget. 2016 Aug 19. Epub 2016 Aug 19. PMID: 27557494

  • [γγ] Evaluation of Mobile Phone and Cordless Phone Use and Glioma Risk Using the Bradford Hill Viewpoints from 1965 on Association or Causation.
    Bradford Hill's viewpoints from 1965 on association or causation were used on glioma (Brain & Nerve Cell Cancer) risk and use of mobile or cordless phones.
    All nine viewpoints were evaluated based on epidemiology and laboratory studies.
    Strength: meta-analysis of case-control studies gave odds ratio (OR) = 1.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.31-2.76 with highest cumulative exposure.
    Consistency:
    the risk increased with latency, meta-analysis gave in the 10+ years' latency group OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.20-2.19.

    Specificity:
    increased risk for glioma was in the temporal lobe.
    Using meningioma cases as comparison group still increased the risk.
    Temporality:
    highest risk was in the 20+ years' latency group, OR = 2.01, 95% CI =1.41-2.88, for wireless phones.
    Biological gradient:
    cumulative use of wireless phones increased the risk.
    Plausibility: animal studies showed an increased incidence of glioma and malignant schwannoma in rats exposed to radiofrequency (RF) radiation.
    There is increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from RF radiation. Coherence:
    there is a change in the natural history of glioma and increasing incidence. Experiment:
    antioxidants reduced ROS production from RF radiation.
    Analogy:
    there is an increased risk in subjects exposed to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields.
    RF radiation should be regarded as a human carcinogen causing glioma.
    Biomed Res Int. 2017 ;2017:9218486. Epub 2017 Mar 16. PMID: 28401165


  • [ΔΔ] Sedentary behavior and risk of breast cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis from prospective studies.
    BACKGROUND:
    Emerging studies examined the association between sedentary behavior and risk of breast cancer, however, the dose-response relationship remained unclear. We aim to explore dose-response relationship of sedentary behavior and breast cancer risk based on relevant cohort studies.

    RESULTS:
    Eight prospective studies were included in the meta-analysis, containing 17 048 breast cancer cases and 426 506 participants.
    The borderline statistical association was detected between prolonged sedentary behavior and risk of breast cancer (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.99-1.19).
    Linear association between sedentary and breast cancer was observed (P = 0.262), and for 1 h/d increment of sedentary behavior, there was 1% increase of breast cancer risk (RR 1.01, 95% CI1.00-1.02).
    Similar results were also found between TV viewing and risk of breast cancer (P = 0.551), with 1 h/day increment of TV viewing daily attributing to 2% increase of breast cancer risk (RR 1.02, 95% CI 1.00-1.04).
    Moreover, sedentary behavior may statistically increase the risk of breast cancer by 21.6% for Asian countries, 8.26% for North America.

    CONCLUSIONS:
    Sedentary behavior was validated as a risk factor of breast cancer through dose-response analysis, especially TV viewing.
    Breast Cancer. 2020 Jun 30. Epub 2020 Jun 30. PMID: 32607943


  • [εε] Oral contraception and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC.
    BACKGROUNDS/AIMS:
    We performed a meta-analysis of observational epidemiological studies to examine the association between oral contraceptives (OC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
    METHODS:
    Two independent researchers conducted PubMed searches followed by systematic abstraction of studies that compared OC use between patients with HCC and a group of controls. Pooling of ORs was conducted using a random effects model. Heterogeneity and publication bias among studies were examined.
    RESULTS:
    Twelve case-control studies that included 739 cases and 5223 controls met the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
    The pooled estimate of ORs (age- and sex-matched only) from all 12 studies was 1.57 (95% CI=0.96-2.54, p=0.07) with a heterogeneity of I(2)=39.9.
    Exclusion of one large multi-national European study decreased the heterogeneity to I(2)=16.9 and increased the pooled OR to 1.70 (95% CI=1.12-2.59, p=0.01).
    Eight studies reported adjusted ORs (in addition to age and sex); the pooled estimate was 1.45 (95% CI=0.93-2.27, p=0.11) with a heterogeneity of I(2)=20.4.
    Only few studies identified or adjusted for other HCC risk factors.
    Six studies showed a significant 2- to 20-fold increase in HCC risk with longer durations of OC use; however, the reporting was too inconsistent to allow meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS:
    The evidence is inconclusive to establish a relation between oral contraceptives and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Future studies should focus on the duration, intermittency, and recency of OC use.
    J Hepatol. 2007 Oct;47(4):506-13. Epub 2007 Apr 5. PMID: 17462781

  • [ζζ] Tobacco smoking and cancer: a brief review of recent epidemiological evidence.
    This report summarises the epidemiological evidence on the association between tobacco smoking and cancer, which was reviewed by an international group of scientists convened by IARC.
    Studies published since the 1986 IARC Monograph on "Tobacco smoking" provide sufficient evidence to establish a causal association between cigarette smoking and cancer of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, stomach, liver, kidney (renal cell carcinoma) and uterine cervix, and for adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and myeloid leukaemia.
    These sites add to the previously established list of cancers causally associated with cigarette smoking, namely cancer of the lung, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, pancreas, urinary bladder and renal pelvis.
    Other forms of tobacco smoking, such as cigars, pipes and bidis, also increase risk for cancer, including cancer of the lung and parts of the upper aerodigestive tract.
    A meta-analysis of over 50 studies on involuntary smoking among never smokers showed a consistent and statistically significant association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer risk.

    Smoking is currently responsible for a third of all cancer deaths in many Western countries.
    It has been estimated that every other smoker will be killed by tobacco.

    Lung Cancer. 2004 Aug ;45 Suppl 2:S3-9. PMID: 15552776

  • [ηη] Mobile phones and head tumours. The discrepancies in cause-effect relationships in the epidemiological studies - how do they arise?
    RESULTS:
    blind protocols, free from errors, bias, and financial conditioning factors, give positive results that reveal a cause-effect relationship between long-term mobile phone use or latency and statistically significant increase of ipsilateral head tumour risk, with biological plausibility.
    Non-blind protocols, which instead are affected by errors, bias, and financial conditioning factors, give negative results with systematic underestimate of such risk. However, also in these studies a statistically significant increase in risk of ipsilateral head tumours is quite common after more than 10 years of mobile phone use or latency.
    The meta-analyses , our included, examining only data on ipsilateral tumours in subjects using mobile phones since or for at least 10 years, show large and statistically significant increases in risk of ipsilateral brain gliomas and acoustic neuromas. CONCLUSION:
    our analysis of the literature studies and of the results from meta-analyses of the significant data alone shows an almost doubling of the risk of head tumours induced by long-term mobile phone use or latency.
    Environ Health. 2011 Jun 17;10(1):59. Epub 2011 Jun 17. PMID: 21679472





♦ References
  • [1] Natural anti-inflammatory agents for pain relief
    Curcumin has also been suggested as a treatment for colitis, chronic neurodegenerative diseases, arthritis, and cancer. In addition, it regulates the activity of several enzymes and cytokines by inhibiting both COX-1 and COX-2. Most studies to date have been performed in animals, but given the centuries of use of curcumin, as well as its now demonstrated activity in the NF-kB, COX-1, and COX-2 inflammatory pathways, it may be considered a viable natural alternative to nonsteroidal agents for the treatment of inflammation.
    PMID: 21206541 PMCID: PMC3011108 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.73804
  • [2] Synthetic curcumin derivative DK1 possessed G2/M arrest and induced apoptosis through accumulation of intracellular ROS in MCF-7 breast cancer cells
    PMCID: PMC5320730 PMID: 28239299
    [8]Phase I dose escalation trial of docetaxel plus curcumin in patients with advanced and metastatic breast cancer
    PMID: 19901561 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.9.1.10392

    .
  • [3] Curcumin has been found to suppress initiation, progression, and metastasis of a variety of tumors. These anti-cancer effects are predominantly mediated through its negative regulation of various transcription factors, growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, protein kinases, and other oncogenic molecules. It also abrogates proliferation of cancer cells by arresting them at different phases of the cell cycle and/or by inducing their apoptosis.
    PMID: 25665066 PMCID: PMC6272781 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022728
    .
  • [4] Curcumin inhibits cancer stem cell phenotypes in ex vivo models of colorectal liver metastases
    PMID: 25979230
    .
  • [5] Values for serum and salivary vitamins C and E showed a significant decrease in oral leukoplakia, submucous fibrosis and lichen planus, in contrast to healthy individuals, but increased significantly in all groups subsequent to curcumin administration after clinical cure of lesions. Based on these results, we can conclude that curcumin mediates its anti-pre-cancer activities by increasing levels of vitamins C and E, and preventing lipid peroxidation and DNA damage.
    J Oral Sci. 2010;52(2):251-6. PMID: 20587949
    .
  • [6] No toxicities were observed.
    Curcumin down-regulated expression of NF-kappaB, cyclooxygenase-2, and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients (most of whom had baseline levels considerably higher than those found in healthy volunteers).
    Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Jul 15;14(14):4491-9. PMID: 18628464
    .
  • [7] Curcumin, a plant-derived natural polyphenol, could be a promising anti-cancer drug
    Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2010 Sep 22. Epub 2010 Sep 22. PMID: 20859741
    .
  • [8] Values for serum and salivary vitamins C and E showed a significant decrease in oral leukoplakia, submucous fibrosis and lichen planus, in contrast to healthy individuals, but increased significantly in all groups subsequent to curcumin administration after clinical cure of lesions. Based on these results, we can conclude that curcumin mediates its anti-pre-cancer activities by increasing levels of vitamins C and E, and preventing lipid peroxidation and DNA damage.
    J Oral Sci. 2010;52(2):251-6. PMID: 20587949

  • [9] Curcumin and Cancer Cells: How Many Ways Can Curry Kill Tumor Cells Selectively?
    How curcumin kills tumor cells is the focus of this review. We show that curcumin modulates growth of tumor cells through regulation of multiple cell signaling pathways including cell proliferation pathway (cyclin D1, c-myc), cell survival pathway (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, cFLIP, XIAP, c-IAP1), caspase activation pathway (caspase-8, 3, 9), tumor suppressor pathway (p53, p21) death receptor pathway (DR4, DR5), mitochondrial pathways, and protein kinase pathway (JNK, Akt, and AMPK). How curcumin selectively kills tumor cells, and not normal cells, is also described in detail.
    PMCID: PMC2758121 PMID: 19590964





  • [10] Flavonoids activated caspases for apoptosis in human glioblastoma T98G and U87MG cells but not in human normal astrocytes.
    Conclusions: Results strongly suggest that flavonoids are potential therapeutic agents for induction of apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells.
    PMID: 19894226 PMCID: PMC3159962 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24699

  • [11] Targeting CWR22Rv1 prostate cancer cell proliferation and gene expression by combinations of the phytochemicals EGCG, genistein and quercetin
    These results demonstrate the feasibility of developing a diet-based combinatorial approach for CaP prevention and treatment and raise the possibility that serum added to culture medium might affect uptake, bioavailability and biological efficacy of dietary phytochemicals.
    PMID: 19846946 PMCID: PMC3641843

    .
  • [12] Induction of apoptosis in human bladder cancer cells by green tea catechins
    Cell culture and animal studies have demonstrated strong chemopreventative effects of green tea and its associated polyphenols in multiple cancers, though the exact mechanisms of action are not well understood.
    PMID: 19729851 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.30.207


  • [13] Mechanisms of cancer prevention by tea constituents
    Consumption of tea (Camellia sinensis) has been suggested to prevent cancer, heart disease and other diseases. Animal studies have shown that tea and tea constituents inhibit carcinogenesis of the skin, lung, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, liver, prostate and other organs. In some studies, the inhibition correlated with an increase in tumor cell apoptosis and a decrease in cell proliferation. Studies with human cancer cell lines have demonstrated that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major tea polyphenol, inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinases, cyclin-dependent kinases, growth factor-related cell signaling, activation of activator protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB), topoisomerase I and matrix metalloproteinases as well as other potential targets.
    PMID: 14519824 DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.10.3262S


  • [14] Tea consumption and mortality of all cancers, CVD and all causes: a meta-analysis of eighteen prospective cohort studies.

    For all cancer mortality, the summary RR for the highest v. lowest category of green tea and black tea consumption were 1•06 (95 % CI 0•98, 1•15) and 0•79 (95 % CI 0•65, 0•97), respectively.
    For CVD mortality, the summary RR for the highest v. lowest category of green tea and black tea consumption were 0•67 (95 % CI 0•46, 0•96) and 0•88 (95 % CI 0•77, 1•01), respectively.

    For all-cause mortality, the summary RR for the highest v. lowest category of green tea and black tea consumption were 0•80 (95 % CI 0•68, 0•93) and 0•90 (95 % CI 0•83, 0•98), respectively.

    The dose-response analysis indicated that one cup per day increment of green tea consumption was associated with 5 % lower risk of CVD mortality and with 4 % lower risk of all-cause mortality.

    Green tea consumption was significantly inversely associated with CVD and all-cause mortality, whereas black tea consumption was significantly inversely associated with all cancer and all-cause mortality.
    Br J Nutr. 2015 Jul 23:1-11. Epub 2015 Jul 23. PMID: 26202661



  • [15] Targets for indole-3-carbinol in cancer prevention
    Mounting preclinical and clinical evidence indicate that indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a key bioactive food component in cruciferous vegetables, has multiple anticarcinogenic and antitumorigenic properties.
    Increased vegetable intake is linked to a reduction in the risk of acquiring several types of cancers
    Within this food group, enhanced consumption of cruciferous vegetables (e.g., broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, bok choy and Brussels spouts) surfaces as a factor associated with a reduction in cancers particularly in the colon, lung, prostate, cervix and breast
    Nutritional Science Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA



  • [16] Sulforaphane, a Chemopreventive Compound, Inhibits Cyclooxygenase-2 and Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1 Expression in Human HT-29 Colon Cancer Cells.
    BACKGROUND: A high expression of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is found in colorectal cancer. Therefore, blocking of PGE2 generation has been identified as a promising approach for anticancer therapy.
    Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate derived from glucosinolate, is used as the antioxidant and anticancer agents.
    CONCLUSIONS: SFN anticancer effects are associated with antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, and antimetastatic activities arising from the downregulation of the COX-2/ mPGES-1 axis.
    Cells Tissues Organs. 2018 ;206(1-2):46-53. Epub 2018 Jul 24. PMID: 30041241



  • [17] Broccoli and watercress suppress matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity and invasiveness of human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.
    A high dietary intake of cruciferous vegetables has been associated with a reduction in numerous human pathologies particularly cancer.
    In the current study, we examined the inhibitory effects of broccoli.
    Taken together, our data indicate that isothiocyanates derived form broccoli and Rorripa inhibit metalloproteinase 9 activities and also suppress the invasive potential of human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in vitro. The inhibitory effects observed in the current study may contribute to the suppression of carcinogenesis by diets high in cruciferous vegetables.
    Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005 Dec 1 ;209(2):105-13. Epub 2005 Jun 13. PMID: 15953625


  • [18] Inhibition of bladder cancer by broccoli isothiocyanates sulforaphane and erucin: Characterization, metabolism, and interconversion.
    In a murine UMUC3 xenograft model, we fed semipurified diets containing 4% broccoli sprouts, or 2% broccoli sprout isothiocyanate extract; or gavaged pure sulforaphane or erucin (each at 295 μmol/kg, similar to dietary exposure); and report tumor weight reduction of 42% (p = 0.02), 42% (p = 0.04), 33% (p = 0.04), and 58% (p<0.0001), respectively.
    Mol Nutr Food Res. 2012 Nov ;56(11):1675-87. Epub 2012 Oct 5. PMID: 23038615


  • [19] Prevention of mammary carcinogenesis in MMTV-neu mice by cruciferous vegetable constituent benzyl isothiocyanate.
    Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), a constituent of edible cruciferous vegetables, inhibits growth of human breast cancer cells in culture.
    Apoptotic bodies in the mammary tumor were higher by about 2- to 2.5-fold in the 1 and 3 mmol BITC treatment groups (P<0.05) compared with control group.
    Cancer Res. 2009 Dec 15;69(24):9473-80. PMID: 19934325


  • [20] Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of broccoli sprouts on the suppression of prostate cancer in transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice: implication of induction of Nrf2, HO-1 and apoptosis and the suppression of Akt-dependent kinase pathway.

    RESULTS: SFN (sulforaphane) was readily released and conjugated with GSH in the rats after oral administration of broccoli sprouts. TRAMP mice fed with 240 mg broccoli sprouts/mouse/day exhibited a significant retardation of prostate tumor growth.
    Pharm Res. 2009 Oct;26(10):2324-31. Epub 2009 Aug 8. PMID: 19669099


  • [21] Fruits, vegetables and risk of renal cell carcinoma: a prospective study of Swedish women.
    Women consuming 5 or more servings of fruit and vegetables daily had a relative risk of 0.59 (95% CI = 0.26-1.34) in comparison to them consuming less than once daily.
    Frequent consumption of salad vegetables (once or more per day) decreased the risk by 40% (RR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.30-1.22), in comparison to no consumption.
    Int J Cancer. 2005 Jan 20;113(3):451-5. PMID: 15455348

  • [22] Dietary flavonoid intake and lung cancer--a population-based case-control study
    Results: Lung cancer was associated inversely with the consumption of epicatechin (in 10 mg per day increment: OR, 0.64; 95% CL, 0.46-0.88), catechin (4 mg per day increment:
    OR, 0.49; 95% CL, 0.35-0.70), quercetin (9 mg per day increment: OR, 0.65; 95% CL, 0.44-0.95), and kaempferol (2 mg per day increment: OR, 0.68; 95% CL, 0.51-0.90) among tobacco smokers.
    Conclusions:
    Certain flavonoid compounds, including epicatechin, catechin, quercetin, and kaempferol, were associated inversely with lung cancer among tobacco smokers
    PMID: 18327817 PMCID: PMC5546301 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23398



  • [24] Soy consumption and mortality in Hong Kong: proxy-reported case-control study of all older adult deaths in 1998.
    This study investigates the relation between soy consumption and mortality in a population-based case-control study in Hong Kong of all adult deaths in 1998.
    RESULTS:
    The adjusted odds ratios for all-cause mortality for soy consumption 4 or more times a week compared with less than once a month were 0.77 (95% CI: 0.62, 0.95) for men and 0.66 (0.54, 0.81) for women.
    Mortality from lung cancer (males P = 0.02, females P = 0.02), colorectal cancer (males P = 0.07, females P<0.001), stomach cancer (males P = 0.04, females P = 0.03), female breast cancer (P = 0.02) and ischemic heart disease (males P<0.001, females P = 0.002) was inversely associated with soy consumption.
    CONCLUSIONS:
    Our study suggests that maintaining traditional levels of soy consumption could be protective for some chronic diseases in China.
    Prev Med. 2006 Jul;43(1):20-6. Epub 2006 May 2. PMID: 16631248

  • [25] Serum prostate-specific antigen but not testosterone levels decrease in a randomized soy intervention among men.
    Low prostate cancer incidence and high soy intake in Asian countries suggest a possible protective effect of soy foods against prostate cancer.
    The goal of this pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility of a randomized, crossover soy trial among men and to investigate the effects of daily soy intake on serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and testosterone levels.
    METHODS:
    We randomized 24 men to a high or a low soy diet for 3 months.
    After a 1-month washout period, the men crossed over to the other treatment.
    During the high soy diet, dietary isoflavone intake and urinary isoflavone excretion increased significantly as compared to the low soy diet.
    A 14% decline in serum PSA levels (P=0.10), but no change in testosterone (P=0.70), was observed during the high soy diet in contrast to the low soy diet. CONCLUSION:
    The high adherence as shown by three measures of compliance in this pilot trial demonstrated the feasibility of an intervention based on soy foods among free-living men.
    Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 Dec;60(12):1423-9. Epub 2006 Jun 14. PMID: 16775579


  • [26] Soy, isoflavones, and breast cancer risk in Japan.
    We evaluated the relationship between isoflavone consumption and breast cancer risk among women in the Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study on Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases (JPHC Study).
    RESULTS:
    Consumption of miso soup and isoflavones was inversely associated with the risk of breast cancer.
    Compared with those in the lowest quartile of isoflavone intake, the adjusted RRs for breast cancer for women in the second, third, and highest quartiles were 0.76 (95% CI = 0.47 to 1.2), 0.90 (95% CI = 0.56 to 1.5), and 0.46 (95% CI = 0.25 to 0.84), respectively (P(trend) =.043).
    The inverse association was stronger in postmenopausal women (P(trend) =.006). CONCLUSION:
    In a population-based, prospective cohort study in Japan, frequent miso soup and isoflavone consumption was associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer.
    J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003 Jun 18;95(12):906-13. PMID: 12813174


  • [27] Soy protein intake, cardiorenal indices, and C-reactive protein in type 2 diabetes with nephropathy: a longitudinal randomized clinical trial.
    OBJECTIVE:
    Several short-term trials on the effect of soy consumption on cardiovascular risks are available, but little evidence exists regarding the impact of long-term soy protein consumption among type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy.
    RESULTS:
    Soy protein consumption significantly affected cardiovascular risks such as fasting plasma glucose (mean change in the soy protein versus control groups: -18 +/- 3 vs. 11 +/- 2 mg/dl; P = 0.03), total cholesterol (-23 +/- 5 vs. 10 +/- 3 mg/dl; P = 0.01), LDL cholesterol (-20 +/- 5 vs. 6 +/- 2 mg/dl; P = 0.01), and serum triglyceride (-24 +/- 6 vs. -5 +/- 2 mg/dl; P = 0.01) concentrations.
    Serum CRP levels were significantly decreased by soy protein intake compared with those in the control group (1.31 +/- 0.6 vs. 0.33 +/- 0.1 mg/l; P = 0.02). Significant improvements were also seen in proteinuria (-0.15 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.02 +/- 0.01 g/day; P = 0.001)
    and urinary creatinine (-1.5 +/- 0.9 vs. 0.6 +/- 0.3 mg/dl, P = 0.01) by consumption of soy protein.
    CONCLUSIONS:
    Longitudinal soy protein consumption significantly affected cardiovascular risk factors and kidney-related biomarkers among type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy.
    Diabetes Res. 1984 Nov;1(4):201-7. PMID: 18184902

  • [28] Combined inhibitory effects of soy isoflavones and curcumin on the production of prostate-specific antigen.
    Sustained chronic inflammation in the prostate promotes prostate carcinogenesis.
    Since an elevated level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) per se reflects the presence of inflammation in the prostate, intervention to improve the PSA value might potentially have beneficial effects for the prevention of the development of prostate cancer.
    Isoflavones and curcumin (Turmeric) have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties.
    RESULTS:
    The production of PSA were markedly decreased by the combined treatment of isoflavones and curcumin in prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP.
    The expression of the androgen receptor was also suppressed by the treatment.
    In clinical trials, PSA levels decreased in the patients group with PSA>or= 10 treated with supplement containing isoflavones and curcumin (P = 0.01).
    CONCLUSIONS:
    Our results indicated that isoflavones and curcumin could modulate serum PSA levels. Curcumin presumably synergizes with isoflavones to suppress PSA production in prostate cells through the anti-androgen effects.
    Prostate. 2010 Jul 1;70(10):1127-33. PMID: 20503397

  • [29] Interaction of soy food and tea consumption with CYP19A1 genetic polymorphisms in the development of endometrial cancer.
    Certain polyphenols inhibit the activity of aromatase, a critical enzyme in estrogen synthesis that is coded by the CYP19A1 gene.
    Consumption of polyphenol-rich foods and beverages, thus, may interact with CYP19A1 genetic polymorphisms in the development of endometrial cancer (Uterine Cancer).
    Higher intake of soy foods and tea consumption were both inversely associated with the risk of endometrial cancer, with odds ratios of 0.8 (95% confidence interval: 0.6, 1.0) for the highest versus the lowest tertiles of intake of soy and 0.8 (95% confidence interval: 06, 0.9) for ever tea consumption.
    The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms rs1065779, rs752760, and rs1870050 with endometrial cancer was modified by tea consumption (p(interaction) < 0.05) but not by soy isoflavone intake.
    The authors' findings suggest that tea polyphenols may modify the effect of CYP19A1 genetic polymorphisms on the development of endometrial cancer.
    Acta Paediatr. 2009 Jan;98(1):127-31. Epub 2008 Aug 4. PMID: 17827443

  • [30] Soy intake is associated with lower lung cancer risk: results from a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies.
    Although several in vitro and animal in vivo studies have suggested that soy or soy isoflavones may exert inhibitory effects on lung carcinogenesis, epidemiologic studies have reported inconclusive results on the association between soy intake and lung cancer.
    OBJECTIVE:
    The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate whether an association exists between soy and lung cancer in epidemiologic studies.

    RESULTS:
    A total of 11 epidemiologic studies that consisted of 8 case-control and 3 prospective cohort studies were included.
    A significantly inverse association was shown between soy intake and lung cancer with an overall RR (Relative Risk) of 0.77 (95% CI: 0.65, 0.92).
    Findings were slightly different when analyses were restricted to 5 high-quality studies (RR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.45, 0.99).
    In a subgroup meta-analysis, a statistically significant protective effect of soy consumption was observed in women (RR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.93), never smokers (RR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.76), and Asian populations (RR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.74, 0.98).
    CONCLUSIONS:
    Our findings indicate that the consumption of soy food is associated with lower lung cancer risk.
    Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Dec ;94(6):1575-83. Epub 2011 Nov 9. PMID: 22071712


  • [31] The effect of a soy rich diet on the vaginal epithelium in postmenopause: a randomized double blind trial.
    A traditional asiatic phytoestrogen-rich diet is associated with a lower incidence of estrogen-dependent cancers and clinical consequences of postmenopausal estrogen deficiency.
    First Wilcox in 1990, showed an increase of the vaginal cell maturation with phytoestrogens on postmenopausal women, but this has not been confirmed in some subsequent studies.
    METHODS:
    In this study, we analyzed the effects of a 6-month soy-rich diet on the vaginal epithelium of asymptomatic postmenopausal women in a randomized clinical trial.
    RESULTS:
    The karyopycnotic index (KI) increased significantly in the diet group and in the HRT group but not in the control group.
    The maturation value (MV) had an identical trend to the KI. CONCLUSION: We conclude that a soy rich diet is efficacious in increasing the maturation indices of vaginal cells.
    This effect could be a useful marker of the efficacy of a dietary intervention with phytoestrogen rich foods, and should be considered during preventive interventions against menopausal effects and vaginal atrophy.
    Vascul Pharmacol. 2008 Jan;48(1):14-20. Epub 2007 Nov 13. PMID: 12927310

  • [32] Soy food intake and breast cancer survival.
    Soy foods are rich in isoflavones, a major group of phytoestrogens that have been hypothesized to reduce the risk of breast cancer.

    RESULTS:
    During the median follow-up of 3.9 years (range, 0.5-6.2 years), 444 deaths and 534 recurrences or breast cancer-related deaths were documented in 5033 surgically treated breast cancer patients.
    Soy food intake, as measured by either soy protein or soy isoflavone intake, was inversely associated with mortality and recurrence.
    The hazard ratio associated with the highest quartile of soy protein intake was 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-0.92) for total mortality and 0.68 (95% CI, 0.54-0.87) for recurrence compared with the lowest quartile of intake.
    CONCLUSION:
    Among women with breast cancer, soy food consumption was significantly associated with decreased risk of death and recurrence.
    JAMA. 2009 Dec 9;302(22):2437-43. PMID: 19996398

  • [33] Isoflavone intake and risk of lung cancer: a prospective cohort study in Japan.
    We investigated the association between isoflavone intake and lung cancer incidence.
    During 11 y (671,864 person-years) of follow-up, we documented 481 male and 178 female lung cancer cases.
    In men we found an inverse association between isoflavone intake and risk of lung cancer in never smokers (n = 13,051; multivariate HR in the highest compared with the lowest quartile of isoflavone intake: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.90; P for trend = 0.024) but not in current or past smokers.
    CONCLUSION:
    In a large-scale, population-based, prospective study in Japan, isoflavone intake was associated with a decreased risk of lung cancer in never smokers.
    Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Jan 13. Epub 2010 Jan 13. PMID: 20071645

  • [34] Soy consumption and mortality in Hong Kong: proxy-reported case-control study of all older adult deaths in 1998.
    This study investigates the relation between soy consumption and mortality in a population-based case-control study in Hong Kong of all adult deaths in 1998.
    RESULTS:
    The adjusted odds ratios for all-cause mortality for soy consumption 4 or more times a week compared with less than once a month were 0.77 (95% CI: 0.62, 0.95) for men and 0.66 (0.54, 0.81) for women.
    Mortality from lung cancer (males P = 0.02, females P = 0.02), colorectal cancer (males P = 0.07, females P<0.001), stomach cancer (males P = 0.04, females P = 0.03), female breast cancer (P = 0.02) and ischemic heart disease (males P<0.001, females P = 0.002) was inversely associated with soy consumption.
    CONCLUSIONS:
    Our study suggests that maintaining traditional levels of soy consumption could be protective for some chronic diseases in China.
    Prev Med. 2006 Jul;43(1):20-6. Epub 2006 May 2. PMID: 16631248

  • [35] Serum prostate-specific antigen but not testosterone levels decrease in a randomized soy intervention among men.
    Low prostate cancer incidence and high soy intake in Asian countries suggest a possible protective effect of soy foods against prostate cancer.
    The goal of this pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility of a randomized, crossover soy trial among men and to investigate the effects of daily soy intake on serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and testosterone levels.
    METHODS:
    We randomized 24 men to a high or a low soy diet for 3 months.
    After a 1-month washout period, the men crossed over to the other treatment.
    During the high soy diet, dietary isoflavone intake and urinary isoflavone excretion increased significantly as compared to the low soy diet.
    A 14% decline in serum PSA levels (P=0.10), but no change in testosterone (P=0.70), was observed during the high soy diet in contrast to the low soy diet. CONCLUSION:
    The high adherence as shown by three measures of compliance in this pilot trial demonstrated the feasibility of an intervention based on soy foods among free-living men.
    Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 Dec;60(12):1423-9. Epub 2006 Jun 14. PMID: 16775579

  • [36] Interaction of soy food and tea consumption with CYP19A1 genetic polymorphisms in the development of endometrial cancer.
    Certain polyphenols inhibit the activity of aromatase, a critical enzyme in estrogen synthesis that is coded by the CYP19A1 gene.
    Consumption of polyphenol-rich foods and beverages, thus, may interact with CYP19A1 genetic polymorphisms in the development of endometrial cancer (Uterine Cancer).
    Higher intake of soy foods and tea consumption were both inversely associated with the risk of endometrial cancer, with odds ratios of 0.8 (95% confidence interval: 0.6, 1.0) for the highest versus the lowest tertiles of intake of soy and 0.8 (95% confidence interval: 06, 0.9) for ever tea consumption.
    The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms rs1065779, rs752760, and rs1870050 with endometrial cancer was modified by tea consumption (p(interaction) < 0.05) but not by soy isoflavone intake.
    The authors' findings suggest that tea polyphenols may modify the effect of CYP19A1 genetic polymorphisms on the development of endometrial cancer.
    Acta Paediatr. 2009 Jan;98(1):127-31. Epub 2008 Aug 4. PMID: 17827443

  • [37] Interaction of soy food and tea consumption with CYP19A1 genetic polymorphisms in the development of endometrial cancer.
    Certain polyphenols inhibit the activity of aromatase, a critical enzyme in estrogen synthesis that is coded by the CYP19A1 gene.
    Consumption of polyphenol-rich foods and beverages, thus, may interact with CYP19A1 genetic polymorphisms in the development of endometrial cancer (Uterine Cancer).
    Higher intake of soy foods and tea consumption were both inversely associated with the risk of endometrial cancer, with odds ratios of 0.8 (95% confidence interval: 0.6, 1.0) for the highest versus the lowest tertiles of intake of soy and 0.8 (95% confidence interval: 06, 0.9) for ever tea consumption.
    The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms rs1065779, rs752760, and rs1870050 with endometrial cancer was modified by tea consumption (p(interaction) < 0.05) but not by soy isoflavone intake.
    The authors' findings suggest that tea polyphenols may modify the effect of CYP19A1 genetic polymorphisms on the development of endometrial cancer.
    Acta Paediatr. 2009 Jan;98(1):127-31. Epub 2008 Aug 4. PMID: 17827443

  • [38] Tofu and risk of breast cancer in Asian-Americans.
    Breast cancer rates among Asian-Americans are lower than those of US whites but considerably higher than rates prevailing in Asia.
    It is suspected that migration to the US brings about a change in endocrine function among Asian women, although reasons for this change remain obscure.
    The high intake of soy in Asia and its reduced intake among Asian-Americans has been suggested to partly explain the increase of breast cancer rates in Asian-Americans.
    After adjustment for age, ethnicity and study area, intake of tofu was more than twice as high among Asian-American women born in Asia (62 times per year) compared to those born in the US (30 times per year).
    Among migrants, intake of tofu decreased with years of residence in the US.
    Risk of breast cancer decreased with increasing frequency of intake of tofu after adjustment for age, study area, ethnicity, and migration history;
    the adjusted OR associated with each additional serving per week was 0.85 (95% CI = 0.74-0.99).
    The protective effect of high tofu intake was observed in pre- and postmenopausal women.
    Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996 Nov;5(11):901-6. PMID: 8922298

  • [39] Rosmarinic acid-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in triple-negative breast cancer cells.
    Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a polyphenolic compound with various pharmacological properties, including, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective, as well as having antioxidant and anticancer activities.
    Results obtained show that RA significantly caused cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects in both cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner.
    Remarkably, RA induced cell cycle arrest-related apoptosis and altered the expression of many apoptosis-involved genes differently.
    In conclusion, the data suggest that the polyphenol Rosmarinic Acid may have a potential role in TNBC therapies, particularly in MDA-MB-468 cells.
    Eur J Pharmacol. 2020 Aug 1:173419. Epub 2020 Aug 1. PMID: 32750370


  • [40] Effects of Rosmarinic Acid on Methotrexate-induced Nephrotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity in Wistar Rats. (known 'side effects of Methotrexate, highly toxic Chemotherapy agent used to treat Cancer)
    This study of rosmarinic acid (RA) is as an antioxidant on nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity induced by MTX.
    Results:
    MTX significantly increased the urea, creatinine, ALT, AST, ALP levels, and renal MDA and significantly decreased renal catalase (CAT), hepatic glutathione (GSH), and hepatic CAT activity.
    RA (Rosmarinic Acid) at 100 mg/kg caused a significant decrease in ALT and AST and at two doses significantly decreased urea, renal MDA, and liver MDA.
    RA at 200 mg/kg significantly increased the renal CAT and liver GSH.
    RA in two doses significantly decreased necrosis and Leukocyte infiltration.
    RA caused a significant decrease in degeneration and cellular vacuolization in liver tissues.
    Conclusions:
    RA with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics decreased the MTX induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity.
    Indian J Nephrol. 2021 May-Jun;31(3):218-224. Epub 2021 Jan 27. PMID: 34376933


  • [41] Ellagic acid and rosmarinic acid attenuate doxorubicin-induced testicular injury in rats.
    The anticancer drug doxorubicin causes testicular toxicity as an undesirable effect.
    Doxorubicin decreased testicular relative weight, sperm count, motility, serum testosterone, testicular glycogen, and sialic acid with increased incidence of histopathological changes, oxidative stress, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, as well as cholinesterase activity.
    Conversely, ellagic and rosmarinic acid treatment ameliorated such damage, thus showing the possibility to use as an adjuvant during doxorubicin treatment.
    J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2017 Jun 6. Epub 2017 Jun 6. PMID: 28586512


  • [42] Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anticancer medicine that may trigger cardiomyopathy. Rosmarinic acid (RA) has shown antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects.
    This investigation assessed the cardioprotective effect of RA on DOX-induced-toxicity in both in vivo and in vitro experiments.
    Administration of RA ameliorated the toxic effects of DOX.
    In vitro studies showed that RA did not affect the cytotoxic effect of DOX. (desired effect on cancer cells)
    RA as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective compound could be a promising compound to help minimize DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.
    Nutr Cancer. 2021 Jun 4:1-15. Epub 2021 Jun 4. PMID: 34085575

  • [43] Resveratrol as a Potential Therapeutic Candidate for the Treatment and Management of Alzheimer's Disease
    Resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene) is a naturally occurring phytochemical present in red wine, grapes, berries, chocolate and peanuts.
    Clinically, resveratrol has exhibited significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anti-cancer properties.
    Resveratrol has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in several in vitro and in vivo models of AD (Alzheimer's Disease).
    Apart from its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles, evidence suggests that resveratrol also facilitates non-amyloidogenic breakdown of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), and promotes removal of neurotoxic amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides, a critical step in preventing and slowing down AD pathology.
    Resveratrol also reduces damage to neuronal cells via a variety of additional mechanisms, most notably is the activation of NAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylases enzymes, termed sirtuins.
    PMID: 26845555 DOI: 10.2174/1568026616666160204121431

  • [44] Multiplicity of effects and health benefits of resveratrol
    Resveratrol is mainly found in grapes and red wine, also in some plants and fruits, such as peanuts, cranberries, pistachios, blueberries and bilberries.
    Moreover, nowadays this compound is available as purified preparation and dietary supplement.
    Resveratrol provides a wide range of benefits, including cardiovascular protective, antiplatelet, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, blood glucose-lowering and anticancer activities, hence it exhibits a complex mode of action.
    It has been reported that this compound has low toxicity as it was well tolerated in the short-term experiments performed in humans.
    Recent clinical trials proved that resveratrol is well-tolerated and pharmacologically safe at doses up to 5 g/day.
    Concluding remarks
    Thousands of basic science experiments in vitro and in animal models suggest low toxicity and many positive effects of resveratrol.
    Resveratrol has also been entitled as a natural therapeutic agent with pharmacological potential in various neurodegenerative impairments including Alzheimer's, Huntington's, Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and alcohol-induced neurodegenerative disorder.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medici.2016.03.003



  • [45] Resveratrol in lung cancer- a systematic review.
    Resveratrol, a phytochemical known for its anti- oxidative properties has been explored worldwide for anticancer potential.
    We performed this systematic review and meta-analysis in order to register the efficacy of resveratrol against lung carcinogenesis.
    In all of the above studies involving either animal models or in vitro cancer cell experiments a statistically significant reduction in tumor incidence emerged as compared with the control groups, yielding a relative risk reduction of 0.64 (p=0.002).
    CONCLUSION:
    It can be concluded that resveratrol holds a good potential for future use as a highly efficient therapeutic agent to deal with deadly lung carcinogenesis.
    J BUON. 2016 Jul-Aug;21(4):950-953. PMID: 27685918

  • [46] Effects of a grape-supplemented diet on proliferation and Wnt signaling in the colonic mucosa are greatest for those over age 50 and with high arginine consumption.
    A diet rich in fruits and vegetables, and a grape-derived compound, resveratrol, have been linked to a reduced incidence of colon cancer.
    Thirty participants were placed on a low resveratrol diet and subsequently allocated to one of three groups ingesting 1/3-to-1 lb (0.15-0.45 kg) of grapes per day for 2 weeks.
    Dietary information was collected via 24-h recall.
    Colon biopsies for biomarker analysis were obtained pre- and post-grape and evaluated for the expression of Wnt pathway target genes and for markers of proliferation by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry.
    The reduction in Wnt signaling and mucosal proliferation seen following short-term ingestion of 1/3-1 lb (0.15-0.45 kg) of grapes per day may reduce the risk of mutational events that can facilitate colon carcinogenesis.
    The potential benefit is most marked for high-risk older individuals and individuals whose diet is high in arginine intake.
    Dietary grape supplementation may play a role in colon cancer prevention for high-risk individuals.
    Nutr J. 2015 ;14(1):62. Epub 2015 Jun 19. PMID: 26085034

  • [47] Clinical pharmacology of resveratrol and its metabolites in colorectal cancer patients.
    Resveratrol is a phytochemical with chemo-preventive activity in preclinical rodent models of colorectal carcinogenesis.
    Consumption of resveratrol reduced tumor cell proliferation by 5% (P = 0.05).
    The results suggest that daily p.o. doses of resveratrol at 0.5 or 1.0 g produce levels in the human gastrointestinal tract of an order of magnitude sufficient to elicit anti-carcinogenic effects.
    Resveratrol merits further clinical evaluation as a potential colorectal cancer chemo-preventive agent.
    Antiviral Res. 2008 Feb;77(2):153-6. Epub 2007 Oct 8. PMID: 20841478


  • [48] Alteration of Hepatic Proinflammatory Cytokines is Involved in the Resveratrol-Mediated Chemoprevention of Chemically-Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis.
    Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)(Liver Cancer), one of the most common cancers in the world, is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality.
    HCC develops most frequently in the background of oxidative stress and chronic hepatic inflammation due to viral infections, alcohol abuse as well as exposure to environmental and dietary carcinogens.
    As the prognosis of HCC is extremely poor and mostly unresponsive to current chemotherapeutic treatment regimens, novel preventive approaches like chemoprevention are urgently needed.
    As cytokines are considered to be important mediators of inflammation, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of resveratrol on hepatic cytokines during DENA-initiated hepatocarcinogenesis in rats.
    Liver samples were harvested from our previous study in which resveratrol (50, 100 and 300 mg/kg) was found to exert a chemopreventive action against rat liver tumorigenesis induced by DENA.
    Resveratrol treatment reversed the DENA-induced alteration of the level and expression of hepatic TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6.
    From the current results in conjunction with our previous findings, it can be concluded that resveratrol-mediated chemoprevention of rat liver carcinogenesis is related to alteration of proinflammatory cytokines.
    Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2011 Apr 5. Epub 2011 Apr 5. PMID: 21466437

  • [49] Liposome encapsulation of curcumin and resveratrol in combination reduces prostate cancer incidence in PTEN knockout mice.
    Increasing interest in the use of phytochemicals to reduce prostate cancer led us to investigate 2 potential agents, curcumin and resveratrol as preventive agents.
    Findings from this study for the first time provide evidence on phytochemicals in combination to enhance chemopreventive efficacy in prostate cancer. These findings clearly suggest that phytochemicals in combination may reduce prostate cancer incidence due to the loss of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN.
    Int J Cancer. 2009 Jul 1;125(1):1-8. PMID: 19326431

  • [50] TriCurin, a synergistic formulation of curcumin (Turmeric), resveratrol (Red Berries), and epicatechin gallate (Green Tea), repolarizes tumor-associated macrophages and triggers an immune response to cause suppression of HPV+ tumors.
    Our earlier studies reported a unique potentiated combination (TriCurin) of curcumin (C) with two other polyphenols.
    The TriCurin-associated C displays an IC50 in the low micromolar range for cultured HPV+ TC-1 cells.
    In contrast, because of rapid degradation in vivo, the TriCurin-associated C reaches only low nano-molar concentrations in the plasma, which are sub-lethal to tumor cells.
    Yet, injected TriCurin causes a dramatic suppression of tumors in TC-1 cell-implanted mice (TC-1 mice) and xenografts of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) cells in nude/nude mice.
    Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2018 Feb 16. Epub 2018 Feb 16. PMID: 29453519


  • [51] Prospective Study of Predictors of Vitamin D Status and Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Men
    From 1986 through January 31, 2000, we documented 4286 incident cancers (excluding organ-confined prostate cancer and non-melanoma skin cancer) and 2025 deaths from cancer. From multivariable models, an increment of 25 nmol/L in predicted 25(OH)D level was associated with a 17% reduction in total cancer incidence.

    Solar UV-B radiation is the major source of vitamin D for most people. Being exposed to enough UV-B radiation to cause a slight pinkness to the skin in light-skinned persons with most of the skin uncovered (i.e., one minimal erythemal dose) produces a plasma vitamin D response equivalent to an oral dose of 20 000 IU of vitamin D
    Link!


  • [52] Vitamin D and lung cancer risk: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis
    Current data suggest an inverse association between serum vitamin D and lung cancer risk.
    A high vitamin D intake was inversely correlated with the lung cancer risk.
    The linearity model of the dose-response analysis indicated that with every 100 IU/day increase in vitamin D intake, the risk of lung cancer decreased by 2.4%

  • [53] Apoptosis Is Induced by the Active Metabolite of Vitamin D3 and Its Analogue EB1089 in Colorectal Adenoma and Carcinoma Cells: Possible Implications for Prevention and Therapy
    Vitamin D3 is believed to reduce the risk of colon cancer, and serum levels inversely correlate with colorectal cancer incidence. The active metabolite, 1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, has previously been shown to inhibit growth and promote differentiation of colon cancer cells.
    [url=PMID: 10786699]Link: PMID: 10786699[/url]


  • [54] Vitamin D and lung cancer risk: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis
    Current data suggest an inverse association between serum vitamin D and lung cancer risk.
    A high vitamin D intake was inversely correlated with the lung cancer risk.
    The linearity model of the dose-response analysis indicated that with every 100 IU/day increase in vitamin D intake, the risk of lung cancer decreased by 2.4%
    Cell Physiol Biochem
    . 2015;36(1):299-305. doi: 10.1159/000374072. Epub 2015 May 4.



    [55] Current data suggests an inverse association between serum vitamin D and lung cancer risk.
    CONCLUSION: Current data suggest an inverse association between serum vitamin D and lung cancer risk. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of vitamin D intake on lung cancer risk and to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation can prevent lung cancer.
    Cell Physiol Biochem. 2015 ;36(1):299-305. Epub 2015 May 4. PMID: 25967968

  • [56] 25(OH)D may be associated with reduced risk of lung cancer, in particular among subjects with vitamin D deficiencies.
    Mounting experimental evidence supports a protective effect of high 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), a good indicator of vitamin D status, on risk of various cancers including lung cancer.
    CONCLUSION: This dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies suggests that 25(OH)D may be associated with reduced risk of lung cancer, in particular among subjects with vitamin D deficiencies.
    Cancer Causes Control. 2015 Sep 10. Epub 2015 Sep 10. PMID: 26358829

  • [57] Being in the lowest quartile of vitamin D levels is associated with a 26% increased rate of all-cause mortality
    In patients undergoing dialysis, therapy with calcitriol or paricalcitol or other vitamin D agents is associated with reduced mortality. Observational data suggests that low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (25[OH]D) are associated with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cancers.
    CONCLUSION: The lowest quartile of 25(OH)D level (<17.8 ng/mL) is independently associated with all-cause mortality in the general population.
    Arch Intern Med. 2008 Aug 11;168(15):1629-37. PMID: 18695076

  • [58] Evidence from observational studies indicates inverse associations of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D with risks of death due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other causes.
    CONCLUSIONS: Evidence from observational studies indicates inverse associations of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D with risks of death due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other causes. Supplementation with vitamin D3 significantly reduces overall mortality among older adults
    BMJ. 2014 ;348:g1903. Epub 2014 Apr 1. PMID: 24690623

  • [59] There is a consistent inverse relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and colorectal cancer was found.
    Epidemiological studies have suggested a reduced risk of several cancers associated with high vitamin D status. We performed a systematic review with meta-analyses of observational studies of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and colorectal, breast and prostate cancer and colonic adenoma.
    In conclusion, a consistent inverse relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and colorectal cancer was found.
    Int J Cancer. 2011 Mar 15 ;128(6):1414-24. PMID: 20473927


    .
  • [60] There is a highly significant linear dose-response relationship between circulating 25-OH-D levels and overall survival in patients with breast cancer.
    Studies have shown that vitamin D could have a role in breast cancer survival
    Our findings suggest that there is a highly significant linear dose-response relationship between circulating 25-OH-D levels and overall survival in patients with breast cancer.
    Integr Cancer Ther. 2017 May 1:1534735417712007. Epub 2017 May 1. PMID: 28589744


  • [61] Vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of cancer death by 16%.
    BMJ. 2019 08 12 ;366:l4673. Epub 2019 Aug 12. PMID: 31405892

  • [62] Association between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and breast cancer risk.
    In summary, these results add to a growing body of evidence that adequate vitamin D stores may prevent breast cancer development.
    Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa). 2009 Jun;2(6):598-604. Epub 2009 May 26. PMID: 19470790

  • [63] Cutting red meat-for a longer life.
    New data shows substantial benefit in eliminating or reducing consumption of red meat and substituting healthier proteins.
    Red meat: in addition to raising the risk for colorectal cancer and other health problems, it can actually shorten your life.
    That's the clear message of the latest research based on data from two ongoing, decades-long Harvard School of Public Health studies of nurses and other health professionals.
    It appears "healthy meat consumption" has become an oxymoron.
    What the study found:
    After 28 years, nearly 24,000 people in these two studies died from cardiovascular disease or cancer.
    How much and what kind of meat did they eat while they were alive?
    The study determined that each additional daily serving of red meat increased risk of death by 13%.
    The impact rose to 20% if the serving was processed, as in food items like hot dogs, bacon, and cold cuts.
    What it means for you
    What does a 13% increased "risk of mortality" (for each additional serving of unprocessed red meat) mean for an individual?
    "If someone is age 60 and has a 50% chance of dying in the next 25 years, adding one serving a day would increase his risk of dying in that time to about 57%, and if he had two servings a day, this would be about a 63% risk of dying in that time."
    In other words, the effects of unhealthy foods are relative to where you start, and eating red meat—the study shows—comes with a mortality tax.
    Study: New data shows substantial benefit in eliminating or reducing consumption of red meat and substituting healthier proteins.

  • [64] High-fat Western diet-induced obesity contributes to increased tumor growth in mouse models of human colon cancer.
    In conclusion, this study suggests that human colon cancer growth is accelerated in animals that are obese and insulin resistant due to the consumption of a High-fat Western diet.
    Nutr Res. 2016 Dec ;36(12):1325-1334. Epub 2016 Oct 20. PMID: 27866828

  • [65] Low adherence to the western and high adherence to the Mediterranean dietary patterns could prevent colorectal cancer.
    A high adherence to the Western dietary pattern was associated with increased CRC risk for both males [OR(95% CI): 1.45 (1.11;1.91)] and females [OR(95% CI): 1.50 (1.07;2.09)]

    The protective effect of the Mediterranean dietary pattern against CRC was observed for both sexes [males: OR(95% CI): 0.71 (0.55;0.92); females: OR(95% CI): 0.56 (0.40;0.77)] and for all cancer sites: proximal colon [OR(95% CI): 0.70 (0.51;0.97)], distal colon [OR(95% CI): 0.65 (0.48;0.89)], and rectum (OR(95% CI): 0.60 (0.45;0.81)].

    CONCLUSION: Our results are consistent with most of the associations previously found between these patterns and breast, prostate and gastric cancer risk and indicate that consuming whole fruits, vegetables, legumes, olive oil, nuts, and fish and avoiding red and processed meat, refined grains, sweets, caloric drinks, juices, convenience food, and sauces might reduce CRC (colorectal cancer) risk.
    Eur J Nutr. 2018 Mar 26. Epub 2018 Mar 26. PMID: 29582162

  • [66] Vitamin E intake and pancreatic cancer risk: a meta-analysis of observational studies.

    MATERIAL/METHODS: We searched the published studies that reported the relationship between vitamin E intake and pancreatic cancer risk using the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases through December 31st, 2014. Based on a fixed-effects or random-effects model, the RR and 95% CI were used to assess the combined risk.

    RESULTS: In total, 10 observational studies (6 case-control studies and 4 cohort studies) were included. The overall RR (95% CI) of pancreatic cancer for the highest vs. the lowest level of vitamin E intake was 0.81 (0.73, 0.89). We found little evidence of heterogeneity (I2=19.8%, P=0.255). In the subgroup analyses, we found an inverse association between vitamin E intake and pancreatic cancer risk both in the case-control and cohort studies. Additionally, this inverse association was not modified by different populations.

    CONCLUSIONS: In our meta-analysis, there was an inverse association between vitamin E intake and the risk of pancreatic cancer.
    A high level of vitamin E might be a protective factor for populations at risk for pancreatic cancer.

    Med Sci Monit. 2015 ;21:1249-55. Epub 2015 May 1. PMID: 25929754


  • [67] Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: a systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies.
    BACKGROUND: Beneficial effects of vegetarian and vegan diets on health outcomes have been supposed in previous studies.

    OBJECTIVES: Aim of this study was to clarify the association between vegetarian, vegan diets, risk factors for chronic diseases, risk of all-cause mortality, incidence and mortality from cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, total cancer and specific type of cancer (colorectal, breast, prostate and lung), through meta-analysis.

    METHODS: A comprehensive search of Medline, EMBASE, Scopus, The Cochrane Library and Google Scholar was conducted.

    RESULTS: Eighty-six cross-sectional and 10 cohort prospective studies were included. The overall analysis among cross-sectional studies reported significant reduced levels of body mass index, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and glucose levels in vegetarians and vegans versus omnivores. With regard to prospective cohort studies, the analysis showed a significant reduced risk of incidence and/or mortality from ischemic heart disease (RR 0.75; 95% CI, 0.68 to 0.82) and incidence of total cancer (RR 0.92; 95% CI 0.87 to 0.98) but not of total cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, all-cause mortality and mortality from cancer. No significant association was evidenced when specific types of cancer were analyzed. The analysis conducted among vegans reported significant association with the risk of incidence from total cancer (RR 0.85; 95% CI, 0.75 to 0.95), despite obtained only in a limited number of studies.

    CONCLUSIONS:
    This comprehensive meta-analysis reports a significant protective effect of a vegetarian diet versus the incidence and/or mortality from ischemic heart disease (-25%) and incidence from total cancer (-8%).
    Vegan diet conferred a significant reduced risk (-15%) of incidence from total cancer.

    Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2016 Feb 6:0. Epub 2016 Feb 6. PMID: 26853923


  • [68] Allium vegetable consumption and health: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes.
    Previously, our meta-analysis and other studies have suggested that allium vegetable consumption is beneficial for health, but no umbrella review has been conducted to assess the evidence of the various health benefits of allium vegetable consumption.
    Therefore, we conducted this umbrella review on this topic. This umbrella review included a total of 16 meta-analyses with 50 unique outcomes.
    The most beneficial cancer-related outcome was shown for gastric cancer (risk ratio 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67-0.91).
    In addition, only 8 weeks of garlic consumption significantly decreased serum total cholesterol (weighted mean differences -17.20 mg/dl; 95% CI -23.10 to -11.30), and patients with dyslipidemia who consumed garlic experienced more benefits than the whole population. Diabetic patients with longer durations of garlicintake experienced more benefits in terms of fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, and serum fructosamine than healthy participants, and garlic intake was associated with blood pressure reduction in hypertensive patients but not in normotensive participants.
    Limited side effects of garlic, such as garlic odor and gastrointestinal complaints, were reported among the included meta-analyses.

    Our results suggested that allium vegetables might be beneficial for cancer prevention. In particular, garlic was comparatively safe and is recommended as a long-term dietary component for patients with dyslipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension.

    Food Sci Nutr. 2019 Aug ;7(8):2451-2470. Epub 2019 Jul 10. PMID: 31428334


  • [69] Citrus fruit intake and bladder cancer risk: a meta-analysis of observational studies.
    Epidemiological studies have investigated the association between citrus fruit and bladder cancer risk; however, the results are inconsistent.
    To assess these issues, we conducted a meta-analysis of currently available studies.
    We identified relevant articles by searching the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases.
    We calculated the summary relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) using a random effect model.
    We included eight case-control studies and six cohort studies in the meta-analysis.
    There was a significant inverse association between citrus fruit intake and bladder cancer risk in all pooled studies (RR: 0.85; 95% CI, 0.76-0.94) and case-control studies (RR: 0.77; 95% CI, 0.64-0.92), but not in the cohort studies (RR: 0.96; 95% CI, 0.87-1.07).
    Our results suggest that citrus fruit intake is related to decreased bladder cancer risk. Subsequent well-designed, large prospective studies are needed to obtain better understanding of this relationship.
    Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014 Nov ;65(7):893-8. Epub 2014 Jun 16. PMID: 24932663


  • [70] Coffee consumption and risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
    MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:
    Prostate cancer was the main outcome.
    It was classified as localised prostate cancer which included localised or non-aggressive cancers; advanced prostate cancer which included advanced or aggressive cancers; or fatal prostate cancer which included fatal/lethal cancers or prostate cancer-specific deaths.

    RESULTS:
    Sixteen prospective cohort studies were finally included, with 57 732 cases of prostate cancer and 1 081 586 total cohort members. Higher coffee consumption was significantly associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer.
    Compared with the lowest category of coffee consumption, the pooled relative risk (RR) was 0.91 (95% CI 0.84 to 0.98), I= 53.2%) for the highest category of coffee consumption.
    There was a significant linear trend for the association (p=0.006 for linear trend), with a pooled RR of 0.988 (95% CI 0.981 to 0.995) for each increment of one cup of coffee per day.
    For localised, advanced and fatal prostate cancer, the pooled RRs were 0.93 (95% CI 0.87 to 0.99), 0.88 (95% CI 0.71 to 1.09) and 0.84 (95% CI 0.66 to 1.08), respectively. No evidence of publication bias was indicated in this meta-analysis.

    CONCLUSIONS:
    This study suggests that a higher intake of coffee may be associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer.
    BMJ Open. 2021 01 11 ;11(2):e038902. Epub 2021 Jan 11. PMID: 33431520



  • [71] Coffee consumption and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of eleven epidemiological studies.
    Growing evidence has shown that coffee consumption is inversely related with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
    It is suggested that caffeine maintains strong antioxidative activity.
    With this property, coffee intake may lead to the inhibition of cell proliferation of liver cancer cells; also, some compounds contained in coffee can reduce the genotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 in vitro and lower the damage caused by some carcinogens.
    A computerized search was performed in PubMed to identify relevant articles published before August 2015.
    Eleven relevant studies were included with a total of 2,795 cases and 340,749 control subjects.

    According to the meta-analysis we performed, the pooled odds ratio (OR) from all included studies was 0.49 (95% confidence interval [CI] =0.46-0.52).

    The subgroup analysis indicated that the pooled ORs for Asian studies and other populations were 0.27 (95% CI =0.23-0.31) and 0.82 (95% CI =0.77-0.87), respectively.

    The overall pooled OR for high consumption was decreased to 0.21 (95% CI =0.18-0.25) and significance was observed.
    Among other populations, the pooled OR of subjects with high coffee consumption was 0.65 (95% CI =0.56-0.73) compared to the nondrinker.
    The corresponding OR of five Asian studies was 0.13 (95% CI =0.09-0.17).
    The findings from this meta-analysis further confirmed the inverse association between the coffee consumption and hepatocellular carcinoma risk with quantitative evidence.
    The protective effect can be detected among healthy population and patients with chronic liver diseases, and the consumption can also prevent the development of liver cirrhosis.

    Onco Targets Ther. 2016 ;9:4369-75. Epub 2016 Jul 19. PMID: 27499631

  • [72] Coffee Intake Decreases Risk of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis on Prospective Cohort Studies.

    Aim:
    A dose-response meta-analysis was conducted in order to summarize the evidence from prospective cohort studies regarding the association between coffee intake and breast cancer risk.
    Methods:
    A systematic search was performed in electronic databases up to March 2017 to identify relevant studies; risk estimates were retrieved from the studies and linear and non-linear dose-response analysis modelled by restricted cubic splines was conducted. A stratified and subgroup analysis by menopausal and estrogen/progesterone receptor (ER/PR) status, smoking status and body mass index (BMI) were performed in order to detect potential confounders. Results: A total of 21 prospective studies were selected either for dose-response, the highest versus lowest category of consumption or subgroup analysis.
    The dose-response analysis of 13 prospective studies showed no significant association between coffee consumption and breast cancer risk in the non-linear model.
    However, an inverse relationship has been found when the analysis was restricted to post-menopausal women.
    Consumption of four cups of coffee per day was associated with a 10% reduction in postmenopausal cancer risk (relative risk, RR 0.90; 95% confidence interval, CI 0.82 to 0.99).
    Subgroup analyses showed consistent results for all potential confounding factors examined.
    Conclusions:
    Findings from this meta-analysis may support the hypothesis that coffee consumption is associated with decreased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer.
    Nutrients. 2018 Jan 23 ;10(2). Epub 2018 Jan 23. PMID: 29360766



  • [73] An updated dose-response meta-analysis of coffee consumption and liver cancer risk.
    Prospective cohort studies of the relationship between coffee consumption and liver cancer risk have drawn different conclusions. Therefore, a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies was performed to disentangle this causal relationship. Prospective cohort studies of the association between coffee consumption and liver cancer risk published prior to Jan 9, 2016 were identified by searching in the PubMed and EMBASE databases. Extracted data were analyzed using a random-effects model. Of the 2892 records identified using the search strategy, a total of twenty cohort studies from ten publications were included in the final meta-analysis. The pooled estimate of relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for highest vs. non/occasional coffee drinkers was 0.55(0.44-0.67). No evidence of publication bias was observed (p for Egger's test = 0.229). Sensitivity analysis indicated the results were robust. Dose-response analysis revealed a significant linear dose-response relationship between coffee consumption and liver cancer risk (p = 0.36). Subgroup analyses stratified by pre-specified variables (gender, geographic region,and adjusted factors) indicated similar results within individual subgroups.

    Our meta-analysis suggested that coffee consumption is inversely associated with liver cancer risk.

    Sci Rep. 2016 Dec 2 ;6:37488. Epub 2016 Dec 2. PMID: 27910873


  • [74] Apple intake and cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.
    OBJECTIVE: Conflicting results on the association between fruit consumption and cancer risk have been reported. Little is known about the cancer preventive effects of different fruit types. The present meta-analysis investigates whether an association exists between apple intake and cancer risk.

    DESIGN: Relevant observational studies were identified by literature search (PubMed, Web of Science and Embase). A random-effect model was used to estimate the cancer risk in different anatomical sites. Between-study heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed using adequate statistical tests.

    RESULTS: Twenty case-control (three on lung, five on colorectal, five on breast, two on oesophageal, three on oral cavity, two on prostate and one each on pancreas, bladder, larynx, ovary, kidney and brain cancer) and twenty-one cohort (seven on lung, two on colorectal, three on breast and one each on oesophageal, pancreas, bladder, kidney, endometrial, head-neck, urothelial and stomach cancer) studies met the inclusion criteria.
    Comparing the highest v. lowest level of apple consumption, the reduction of lung cancer risk was statistically highly significant in both case-control (OR=0·75; 95% CI 0·63, 0·88; P=0·001, I 2=0 %) and cohort studies (relative risk=0·89; 95% CI 0·84, 0·94; P<0·001, I 2=53 %).
    Instead, in the case of colorectal (OR=0·66; 95% CI 0·54, 0·81; P<0·001, I 2=55%), breast (OR=0·79; 95% CI 0·73, 0·87; P<0·001, I 2=1 %) and overall digestive tract (OR=0·50; 95% CI 0·36, 0·69; P<0·001, I 2=90 %) cancers a significant preventive effect of apples was found only in case-control studies while prospective studies indicated no effect. No evidence of publication bias could be detected for colorectal, oral cavity, oesophageal and breast cancer. However, some confounding effects maybe present and related to the consumption of other fruit which have not been considered as adjusting factors.

    CONCLUSIONS:
    The present meta-analysis indicates that consumption of apples is associated with a reduced risk of cancer in different anatomical sites.

    Public Health Nutr. 2016 Mar 22:1-15. Epub 2016 Mar 22. PMID: 27000627

  • [75] Flax and Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review.

    BACKGROUN: . Flax is a food and dietary supplement commonly used for menopausal symptoms.
    Flax is known for its lignan,α-linolenic acid, and fiber content, components that may possess phytogestrogenic, anti-inflammatory, and hormone modulating effects, respectively.
    We conducted a systematic review of flax for efficacy in improving menopausal symptoms in women living with breast cancer and for potential impact on risk of breast cancer incidence or recurrence.

    METHOD: . We searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and AMED from inception to January 2013 for human interventional or observational data pertaining to flax and breast cancer.

    RESULT: . Of 1892 records, we included a total of 10 studies: 2 randomized controlled trials, 2 uncontrolled trials, 1 biomarker study, and 5 observational studies. Nonsignificant (NS) decreases in hot flash symptomatology were seen with flax ingestion (7.5 g/d). Flax (25 g/d) increased tumor apoptotic index ( :<.05) and decreased HER2 expression ( :<.05) and cell proliferation (Ki-67 index; NS) among newly diagnosed breast cancer patients when compared with placebo.
    Uncontrolled and biomarker studies suggest beneficial effects on hot flashes, cell proliferation, atypical cytomorphology, and mammographic density, as well as possible anti-angiogenic activity at doses of 25 g ground flax or 50 mg secoisolariciresinol diglycoside daily.
    Observational data suggests associations between flax and decreased risk of primary breast cancer (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.69-0.97), better mental health (AOR = 1.76; 95% CI = 1.05-2.94), and lower mortality (multivariate hazard ratio = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.50-0.95) among breast cancer patients.

    CONCLUSION:
    Current evidence suggests that flax may be associated with decreased risk of breast cancer.
    Flax demonstrates antiproliferative effects in breast tissue of women at risk of breast cancer and may protect against primary breast cancer.
    Mortality risk may also be reduced among those living with breast cancer.

    Integr Cancer Ther. 2013 Sep 8. Epub 2013 Sep 8. PMID: 24013641


  • [76] Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of bladder cancer: an updated meta-analysis of observational studies.

    This meta-analysis was conducted to assess the association between fruit and vegetable intake and bladder cancer risk.
    Eligible studies published up to August 2014 were retrieved both through a computer search of PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane library and through a manual review of references. The summary relative risks with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the highest versus the lowest intakes of fruits and vegetables were calculated with random-effects models. Heterogeneity and publication bias were also evaluated. Potential sources of heterogeneity were detected with metaregression. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were also performed. A total of 27 studies (12 cohort and 15 case-control studies) were included in this meta-analysis.
    The summary relative risks for the highest versus lowest were 0.84 (95% CI: 0.72-0.96) for vegetable intake and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.73-0.89) for fruit intake.
    The dose-response analysis showed that the risk of bladder cancer decreased by 8% (relative risk=0.92; 95% CI: 0.87-0.97) and 9% (relative risk=0.91; 95% CI: 0.83-0.99) for every 200 g/day increment in vegetable and fruit consumption, respectively.
    Sensitivity analysis confirmed the stability of the results.

    Our findings suggest that intake of vegetables and fruits may significantly reduce the risk of bladder cancer.
    Further well-designed prospective studies are warranted toconfirm these findings.
    Eur J Cancer Prev. 2015 Nov ;24(6):508-16. PMID: 25642791

  • [77] Meta-analysis of the association between nut consumption and the risks of cancer incidence and cancer-specific mortality.

    Previous studies have indicated a correlation between nut intake and cancer risk in humans.
    This meta-analysis aimed to determine the relationship between nut consumption and the risks of cancer incidence and mortality. The PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched up to August 2019. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using random-effects and fixed-effects models. We included 38 studies on nut consumption and cancer risk and 9 studies on cancer-specific mortality.
    Compared with no nut intake, nut intake was associated with a lower cancer risk (Relative Risk=0.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.86-0.94).
    Inverse associations were observed with colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, and lung cancer in subgroup analyses.
    Tree nut consumption was found to reduce cancer risk (Relative Risk=0.88; 95% confidence interval, 0.79-0.99).

    Dose-response curves suggested that protective benefits against cancer increased with increased nut intake (P=0.005, P-nonlinearity=0.0414).
    An inverse correlation with cancer-specific mortality (Odd Ratio=0.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.88-0.92) was observed.

    In conclusion, nut consumption is inversely associated with the risks of cancer incidence and mortality; a higher intake is significantly associated with a lower cancer risk.
    Aging (Albany NY). 2020 Jun 2 ;12. Epub 2020 Jun 2. PMID: 32487780

  • [78] Nut consumption and risk of cancer and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

    DATA SYNTHESIS:
    Random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool relative risks from the included studies. The I(2) statistic was used to assess heterogeneity. A total of 36 eligible observational studies, which included 30,708 patients, were identified. The studies had fair methodological quality, and length of follow-up ranged between 4.6 years and 30 years.
    Comparison of the highest category of nut consumption with the lowest category revealed significant associations between nut consumption and decreased risk of colorectal cancer (3 studies each with separate estimates for males and females, RR 0.76, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.61-0.96), endometrial cancer (2 studies, RR 0.58, 95%CI 0.43-0.79), and pancreatic cancer (1 study, RR 0.68, 95%CI 0.48-0.96).
    No significant association was found with other cancers or type 2 diabetes.
    Overall, nut consumption was significantly associated with a reduced risk of cancer incidence (RR 0.85, 95%CI 0.76-0.95).

    CONCLUSIONS:
    Nut consumption may play a role in reducing cancer risk. Additional studies are needed to more accurately assess the relationship between nut consumption and the prevention of individual types of cancer, given the scarcity of available data.
    Nutr Rev. 2015 Jul ;73(7):409-25. PMID: 26081452




  • [ΔΔ] Ecological Studies of the UVB-Vitamin D-Cancer Hypothesis.
    UNLABELLED: Background/Aim: This paper reviews ecological studies of the ultraviolet-B (UVB)-vitamin D-cancer hypothesis based on geographical variation of cancer incidence and/or mortality rates.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: The review is based largely on three ecological studies of cancer rates from the United States; one each from Australia, China, France, Japan, and Spain; and eight multicountry, multifactorial studies of cancer incidence rates from more than 100 countries.

    RESULTS:
    This review consistently found strong inverse correlations with solar UVB for 15 types of cancer:
    bladder, breast, cervical, colon, endometrial, esophageal, gastric, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, rectal, renal, and vulvar cancer; and Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
    Weaker evidence exists for nine other types of cancer: brain, gallbladder, laryngeal, oral/pharyngeal, prostate, and thyroid cancer; leukemia; melanoma; and multiple myeloma.

    CONCLUSION:
    The evidence for the UVB-vitamin D-cancer hypothesis is very strong in general and for many types of cancer in particular.
    Anticancer Res. 2012 Jan ;32(1):223-36. PMID: 22213311


  • [80] Meta-analysis of regression of advanced solid tumors in patients receiving placebo or no anti-cancer therapy in prospective trials.
    BACKGROUND:
    A meta-analysis of prospective trials systematically investigated regression of advanced solid tumors in patients receiving placebo or no anticancer therapy to inform on spontaneous regressions.

    PATIENT AND METHODS:
    Arms of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of metastatic solid tumors receiving placebo or no anti-cancer therapy were used.
    Statistical analyses were conducted to calculate the overall response rate (ORR) and to detect differentials based on histology, progression at baseline and prior therapies.

    RESULTS: A total of 7676 patients were evaluable from 61 RCTs evaluating 18 solid tumors.
    The ORR was 1.95% (95% CI: 1.52-2.48%).
    There was no significant effect of histology (p=0.110), baseline progressive disease (p>0.20) or the line of therapy (p>0.20) on ORR.
    Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2016 Feb ;98:122-36. Epub 2015 Nov 9. PMID: 26597016

    CONCLUSIONS:
    Spontaneous regressions are seen across all advanced solid tumors. Some malignancies demonstrated higher rates of spontaneous regressions and may be relatively immunotherapy responsive.


  • [81] The Associations of Fruit and Vegetable Intake with Lung Cancer Risk in Participants with Different Smoking Status: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.
    The results of epidemiological studies on the relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and lung cancer risk were inconsistent among participants with different smoking status.
    The purpose of this study was to investigate these relationships in participants with different smoking status with prospective cohort studies. A systematic literature retrieval was conducted using PubMed and Scopus databases up to June 2019. The summary relative risks (RRs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by random-effects model. The nonlinear dose-response analysis was carried out with restricted cubic spline regression model. Publication bias was estimated using Begg's test.
    Nine independent prospective studies were included for data synthesis.
    Dietary consumption of fruit was negatively correlated with lung cancer risk among current smokers and former smokers, and the summery RRs were 0.86 (95% CI: 0.78, 0.94) and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.84, 0.99), respectively.
    Consumption of vegetable was significantly associated with reduced risk of lung cancer for current smokers (summary RR = 87%; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.94), but not for former smokers and never for smokers.

    Dose-response analysis suggested that risk of lung cancer was reduced by 5% (95% CI: 0.93, 0.97) in current smokers, and reduced by 4% (95% CI: 0.93, 0.98) in former smokers with an increase of 100 grams of fruit intake per day, respectively.
    Besides, dose-response analysis indicated a 3% reduction in lung cancer risk in current smokers for 100 gram per day increase of vegetable intake (95% CI: 0.96, 1.00).

    The findings of this study provide strong evidence that higher fruit consumption is negatively associated with the risk of lung cancer among current smokers and former smokers, while vegetable intake is significantly correlated with reducing the risk of lung cancer in current smokers.
    These findings might have considerable public health significance for the prevention of lung cancer through dietary interventions.
    Nutrients. 2019 Aug 2 ;11(8). Epub 2019 Aug 2. PMID: 31382476

    • See also Liver Cancer study:
    Food Funct. 2019 Jul 31. Epub 2019 Jul 31. PMID: 31364650


  • [82] Association between Dietary Vitamin C Intake and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-analysis Involving 103,658 Subjects.
    We attempted to systematically determine the association between dietary intake of vitamin C and risk of prostate cancer. PubMed and Embase were searched to obtain eligible studies published before February 2015. Cohort or case-control studies that reported the relative risk (RR)/odds ratio (OR) estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between vitamin C intake and prostate cancer risk were included. Eighteen studies regarding dietary vitamin C intake were finally obtained, with a total of 103,658 subjects.

    The pooled RR of prostate cancer for the highest versus the lowest categories of dietary vitamin C intake was 0.89 (95%CI: 0.83-0.94; p = 0.000) with evidence of a moderate heterogeneity (I(2) = 39.4%, p = 0.045).

    Meta-regression analysis suggested that study design accounted for a major proportion of the heterogeneity. Stratifying the overall study according to study design yielded pooled RRs of 0.92 (95%CI: 0.86-0.99, p = 0.027) among cohort studies and 0.80 (95%CI: 0.71-0.89, p = 0.000) among case-control studies, with no heterogeneity in either subgroup.
    In the dose-response analysis, an inverse linear relationship between dietary vitamin C intake and prostate cancer risk was established, with a 150 mg/day dietary vitamin C intake conferred RRs of 0.91 (95%CI: 0.84-0.98, p = 0.018) in the overall studies, 0.95 (95%CI: 0.90-0.99, p = 0.039) in cohort studies, and 0.79 (95%CI: 0.69-0.91, p = 0.001) in case-control studies.

    In conclusion, intake of vitamin C from food was inversely associated with prostate cancer risk in this meta-analysis.
    J Cancer. 2015 ;6(9):913-21. Epub 2015 Jul 28. PMID: 26284143

    • See also Vitamin C intake on Pancreatic Cancer Study:
    Sci Rep. 2015 ;5:13973. Epub 2015 Sep 11. PMID: 26360104

  • [83] Dietary vitamin E intake could reduce the risk of lung cancer: evidence from a meta-analysis.
    BACKGROUND: Quantification of the association between the intake of vitamin E and risk of lung cancer is still conflicting. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to summarize the evidence from epidemiological studies of vitamin E intake with the risk of lung cancer.

    METHODS: Pertinent studies were identified by a search in PubMed and Web of Knowledge up to October 2014. Random-effect model was used to combine study-specific results. Publication bias was estimated using Egger's regression asymmetry test.

    RESULTS:
    Ten articles reporting 11 studies (10 prospective studies and 1 case-control studies) involving 4434 lung cancer cases were used in this meta-analysis.
    The combined relative risk (RR) of lung cancer associated with vitamin E intake was 0.858 (95% CI=0.742-0.991) overall, significant protective associations were also found in America population (RR=0.862, 95% CI=0.715-0.996) and prospective studies (RR=0.913, 95% CI=0.827-0.996).
    No publication bias was found.

    CONCLUSIONS:
    Our analysis indicated that vitamin E intake might decrease the risk of lung cancer, especially in America.
    Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015 ;8(4):6631-7. Epub 2015 Apr 15. PMID: 26131295




  • [84] Flavan-3-ols consumption and cancer risk: A meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies.
    Although numerous in vitro studies and animal model data have suggested that flavan-3-ols, the most common subclass of flavonoids in the diet, may exert protective effects against cancer, epidemiologic studies have reported inconclusive results for the association between flavan-3-ols intake and cancer risk.
    Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies to investigate the preventive effects of flavan-3-ols on various types of cancers. A total of 43 epidemiologic studies, consisting of 25 case-control and 18 prospective cohort studies, were included.

    A significant inverse association was shown between flavan-3-ols intake and the risk of overall cancer (relative risk (RR) 0.935, 95%CI: 0.891-0.981).
    When cancer types were separately analyzed, a statistically significant protective effect of flavan-3-ols consumption was observed in
    ✘ rectal cancer (RR 0.838, 95%CI: 0.733-0.958),
    ✘ oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer (RR 0.759, 95%CI: 0.581-0.993),
    ✘ breast (RR 0.885, 95%CI: 0.790-0.991)
    ✘ in case-control studies and stomach cancer in women (RR 0.633, 95%CI: 0.468-0.858).

    Our analysis indicates the potential benefits of flavan-3-ols in cancer prevention.
    Oncotarget. 2016 Nov 8 ;7(45):73573-73592. PMID: 27634884


  • [85] Resveratrol in lung cancer- a systematic review.
    PURPOSE: Resveratrol, a phytochemical known for its anti- oxidative properties has been explored worldwide for anticancer potential. We performed this systematic review and meta-analysis in order to register the efficacy of resveratrol against lung carcinogenesis.

    METHODS: We searched PubMed for preclinical studies reporting efficacy of resveratrol alone or in combination with drugs like curcumin, cisplatin etc. against lung carcinogenesis.

    RESULTS:
    The primary outcome of eligible studies included change in overall tumor incidence as well as tumor size.
    In all of the above studies involving either animal models or in vitro cancer cell experiments a statistically significant reduction in tumor incidence emerged as compared with the control groups, yielding a relative risk reduction of 0.64 (p=0.002).
    This meta- analysis confirmed the potential of resveratrol against lung carcinogenesis.

    CONCLUSION:
    It can be concluded that resveratrol holds a good potential for future use as a highly efficient therapeutic agent to deal with deadly lung carcinogenesis.
    J BUON. 2016 Jul-Aug;21(4):950-953. PMID: 27685918




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