The old Axiom “Your Health is in YOUR own Hands” is a timely reminder to examine our relationship and attitude towards our health.
Modern pharmaceutical drugs based, allopathic medicine can not heal any diseases; at best they can only suppress or manage the symptoms of disease:
Only your body can heal itself; but only if given the right conditions based on health-building foods, a conducive lifestyle and environment, and a positive, altruistic mindset.
Thus if one is born with a healthy constitution [α] and genes, and now experiences ill health then we should examine the following probable Causes of Disease:
✘ Causes of Disease:
♦ Diet:
- Eating unhealthy, processed, denatured, energetically dead foods and in excess quantities.
Such foods do not provide the essential Life-Force to maintain good health.
Such foods overload the body’s excretory functions with proteins, excess fats, uric acid, cholesterol and toxins, which build up in the arteries as plaque, clog and overload the lymphatic system, liver and kidneys. [1][2][13]
Correlation between animal-fat
intake and breast cancer. [9]
The biggest culprit causing these conditions are saturated fats which are found in animal products:
all meats, Poultry, Dairy i.e. Milk, Butter, Cream, Cheese, Margarine, Hydrogenated Fat/Oil, etc. [11]
The official recommendation is to limit the intake of Saturated Fats to 13 grams per day [3], which is about one Tablespoon.
But all processed foods contribute to these conditions, from heart disease, atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries and plaque buildup) to strokes, cancer, diabetes, kidney and liver disease etc.
A 28 year long Harvard study of 122,000 participant unequivocally concluded that the consumption of red meats, i.e. pork, beef, lamb, game etc, and in particular such meats in processed form like sausages, salami, bacon etc, shortens one's lifespan significantly;
namely for each, or additional, daily serving of meat the risk of death is increased by 13%, and 20% for processed meats![ε]
Naturopath Doctors, traditional healers, ancient wisdom and plain old common sense advises us that a traditional, natural diet is best for our health.
People who migrate from countries with a healthy diet steeped in tradition to western countries and adopt their western dietary habits suddenly experience the same plethora of degenerative diseases western countries are plagued with.
♦ A study performed decades ago in China compared the incidence of Heart Disease, Strokes and other Degenerative diseases with their dietary habits.
A perfect correlation between a traditional, (rice, vegetables, tofu, beans) diet and excellent good health, versus the adoption of a western style diet, (processed, denatured foods, rich in meats, soft drinks, candies & other sweets) producing all manners of degenerative diseases was found! [9]
♦ To quote just one other study out of thousands examining the adverse health impact of our modern western diet:
"Our results are consistent with most of the associations previously found between these patterns and breast, prostate and gastric cancer risk and indicate that consuming whole fruits, vegetables, legumes, olive oil, nuts, and fish and avoiding red and processed meat, refined grains, sweets, caloric drinks, juices, convenience food, and sauces might reduce CRC (colorectal cancer) risk." [12]
♦ Degenerative diseases thrive in an acidic bodily environment, which is integral to their cause.
Therefore foods which cause an acidic condition in the body should be avoided as much as possible to achieve recovery, and foods which create an alkaline environment should be favoured.
Certain foods may be acidic in their raw state but the 'Potential Renal Acid Load', PRAL, will create an alkaline condition in the blood during metabolism. [Δ]
• See the following study:
Dietary Acid Load: mechanisms and evidence of its health repercussions
"In general, foods rich in protein, such as meat, cheese, eggs, and others, increase the production of acid in the body, whereas fruit and vegetables increase alkalis. The capacity of acid or base (alkaline) production of any food is called potential renal acid load (PRAL). Diets high in PRAL induce a low-grade metabolic acidosis state, which is associated with the development of metabolic alterations such as insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, bone disorders, low muscle mass and other complications."
PMID: 30737117 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2018.10.005
• See table of acid and alkaline forming foods below:[Δ]
(♦ See more at the [Diet] Tab!)
♦ Medical Interventions
- Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Medications, Chemo/Radiation Therapy etc!
There is overwhelming scientific evidence that virtually all pharmaceutical products, i.e. vaccines/Flu shots, statins, cancer treatments, blood thinners, antacids etc, have severe 'side effects' which, if taken over prolonged periods of time can often be fatal, although it is then not attributed to the medication, but often it leads to heart failure, kidney failure, liver damage etc.
Pharmaceutical products are a $220 billion annual business where the top selling products cost an incredible $34,406 per single dose of 600mg (Ocrevus), and $82/mg raising the cost of a single dose to over $12,500! (Stelara) [14]
Of course none of these pharmaceutical products actually heal the patient, they merely suppress the symptoms, or at best keep the symptoms in check while causing severe damage to multiple organs like the kidneys, bone marrow, heart, brain, etc.
Studies have also shown that 12 million Americans suffer a diagnostic error each year in a primary care setting - 33% of which result in serious or permanent damage or death.[4]
Dr. Gary Null did a study in the US and found that annually some 800,000 people are killed by 'medical misadventure', also referred to as mis-diagnosis, mis-treatment, or even neglect or refusal to treat. [5] [6] [7] [8]
Also Chemo and Radiation 'Therapy' are well known to actually worsen the course of cancer, and they kill far more people than they purportedly save, and on closer analysis they indeed actually do far more harm than good.[10]
♦ Lifestyle
- Stress, sleep deprivation, overexertion, irregular eating habits, insufficient or excess intake of food, smoking and drinking alcohol.
Taking care of oneself includes adequate rest, relaxation, regular moderate exercise, a healthy diet and a positive outlook on life.
♦ Environmental
- Toxic Air, toxic water and foods, GMO foods, EMF radiation i.e. WiFi, 4G/5G Mobile Phones, Overhead Powerlines, Radiation poisoning etc.
Great care has to be taken to avoid all the above as they all have very deleterious effects on health.
5G on particular has widely been exposed as a 'kill grid' which has already demonstrated its kill power.
See report below: "60 people killed in 40 days, villagers blame 5G Tower! [β]
This is just one report of countless more which demonstrate the lethal nature of this EMF radiation from 5G cell towers.
♦ The concept of Food as more than just Vitamins, Proteins and Minerals!
Traditional Healing Arts and modern scientific insights accept, and incorporate the concept that most everyone is born and imbued with an amount of 'Life-force', also called Chi etc, [α] and an inherited genetic constitution to sustain good health and withstand most onslaughts of pathogens and environmental assaults over the course of one’s lifespan.
But modern life-styles and a systematic and deliberate alienation from all things natural have created the genesis for ill health to arise in ever increasing and varied ways.
Dr. Fritz-Albert Popp, Dr. Veljko Veljkovic, Dr H. Niggli et al also have described how all living cells (plant, micorbial, animal, etc) are emitting 'Biophotons' which are communicating with other cells and catalizing a myriad of biological processes at a distance.
They also describe how healthy foods or organisms, like humans, emit coherent waves of biophotons, whereas dead, denatured and highly processed foods and diseased cells emit incoherent, chaotic waves of biophotons.
Thus fresh, organically grown food will furnish this health-giving 'light' when consumed in its natural state. [δ]
Following are Tabs on diseases and organic food sources which may benefit these conditions, which is supported by evidence derived from thousands of scientific studies, many referenced here.
While pharmaceutical companies and their modern science lackeys have identified ‘active ingredients’ in foods, which they can control, synthetically manufacture and profit from, the holistic approach to good health and a happy, fulfilled and long life is to eat a balanced diet which avoids detrimental foods and emphasises organic, health building foods.
The identified food sources for these ‘active ingredients’ can form a staple part in one’s diet, and may be adapted according to predisposition, needs and health status.
As always;
• Prevention is better than cure‼
and
• Your health is in your own hands‼
Close
⛧ Select Tabs for more information on Diseases!
Cancer
Note: this is not medical advice; do your own research and consult an appropriate health professional like a Naturopath who always aims to treat the cause, not just the symptoms as today's allopathic medicine does.
♦ Our present day epidemic of cancer, as all other degenerative diseases, can be correlated to the adverse influences discussed above, of which modern diet is the most prevalent in the genesis of this disease.
Diet directly influences the body's make-up; 'we are what we eat' denotes more than just the physical constituents of our 30 to 100 trillion cells; it encompasses our health, physical and mental; literally!
Cancer arises when the quality of the blood deteriorates, becomes sticky, clogged with lipids (LDL), cholesterol and triglycerides (waxy fats) and un-excreted waste.
This interrupts the proper functioning of the body's metabolism and organs like the liver, kidney and lymphatic system.
As a result the blood and interstitial fluid become a toxic environment for cells, which is the cause of pathogenesis, i.e. the cause of cancer and other degenerative diseases.
As always, prevention is better than cure, thus being cognisant of the previously discussed dietary implications to one's health are the first step towards recovery.
- First elimination of all animal fats, sugars, processed and artificially preserved and seasoned foods is essential.
- Then strictly adhering to a diet rich in organic vegetables, whole grains like brown rice, vegetable proteins like soy i.e. tofu, soy milk and other soy derived products, and fruits are essential. Limit the intake of seafood to white meat fish as a good source of protein.
During recovery phase from severe illness the amount of fats, oils and also fish and seafood should be strictly limited.
(♦ See more at the [Diet] Tab!)
Besides these initial and essential therapeutic measures, there is a plethora of natural herbs and organic compounds, which modern science belatedly discovered, which have displayed promising prophylactic and therapeutic effects for cancer and other degenerative diseases.
Cancer thrives in an acidic environment, which is integral to the cause of cancer.
Therefore foods which cause an acidic condition in the body must be strictly avoided and foods which create an alkaline environment should be favoured.
Certain foods may be acidic in their raw state but the 'Potential Renal Acid Load', PRAL, will create an alkaline condition in the blood during metabolism.
♦ See the following study:
Dietary Acid Load: mechanisms and evidence of its health repercussions
"In general, foods rich in protein, such as meat, cheese, eggs, and others, increase the production of acid in the body, whereas fruit and vegetables increase alkalis. The capacity of acid or base (alkaline) production of any food is called potential renal acid load (PRAL).
Diets high in PRAL induce a low-grade metabolic acidosis state, which is associated with the development of metabolic alterations such as insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, bone disorders, low muscle mass and other complications."
PMID: 30737117 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2018.10.005
♦ Acid and alkaline forming foods according to traditional wisdom
Alkaline forming Foods | Acid forming Foods |
---|---|
Agar agar | Alcohol |
Almonds | Artificial Sweeteners |
Apple Cider Vinegar | Beef; all meats |
Apples | Beer |
Apricots | bread; white |
Asparagus | Cereals; refined |
Avocados | Chocolate |
Bananas | Cigarettes |
Bancha and Kukicha tea | Coffee; sweetened, with milk |
Beans; green, string beans | Cranberries |
Broccoli | Drugs |
Cauliflower | Eggs |
Celery | Fish; oily |
Daikon | Flour Products; from refined wheat |
Dates; fresh/dried | Fruit Juices; with added sugar |
Figs; dried | Ice Cream |
Garlic | Jams |
Ginger | Medications; pharmaceutical drugs |
Grapefruit | Nut Butters; peanut butter |
Grapes | Oils; cooking oils from seeds |
Green Tea | Pasta; made from refined wheat |
Herbal Teas | Pastries; sugar, butter, white flour |
Kale | Pork |
Lemons, Lime | Poultry |
Lettuce | Rice; polished, white |
Mango | Seafood; mussels, shrimp, oily fish, etc |
Melons | Soft Drinks; sweetened, carbonated |
Millet | Sugar |
Papaya | Yogurt; sweetened |
Parsley | |
Passion Fruit | |
Peas | |
Pineapple | |
Pumpkin | |
Radishes | |
Raisins | |
Seaweeds | |
Shiitake Mushrooms | |
Sprouts | |
Squash | |
Strawberries | |
sweet corn | |
Sweet Potatoes | |
Vegetable Juices; unsweetened | |
Watercress |
Note; while this table lists the acid/alkaline forming properties of foods, the degree to which they do so varies greatly, dependent on the food itself and the metabolic conditions in the body!
♦ Following is a selection of foods according to the 'Potential Renal Acid Load' (PRAL) principle.
• Negative numbers indicate base/alkaline foods, positive numbers acidic foods.
Alkaline forming | PRAL value | Acid forming | PRAL value |
---|---|---|---|
Banana | -6.9 | Corn Tortilla | 4.8 |
Asparagus | -2.2 | Cocoa with milk | 114 |
Beans | -7.4 | Cheese, Gouda | 20.0 |
Broccoli | -3.6 | Cod | 19.8 |
Green Tea | -0.3 | Egg yolk | 18.1 |
Carrot; raw | -5.7 | Egg; whole | 9.0 |
Cauliflower | -1.3 | Mussels | 15.2 |
Celery | -5.0 | Salmon | 14.0 |
Cucumber | -2.4 | Sardines in oil | 15.9 |
Eggplant | -2.0 | Shrimp | 13.2 |
Spinach | -11.8 | Beef | 12.5 |
Tomato | -4.1 | Chicken | 16.5 |
Kale | -8.0 | Milk; whole | 0.2 |
Lettuce | -4.3 | Pork | 14.7 |
Onions | -2.0 | Sardines; in oil | 15.9 |
Mushrooms | -4.2 | Shrimp | 13.2 |
♦ For therapeutic Herbs see Tabs below:
Back to top!
______________________________________
Kidney Disease
♦ Kidney Disease; causes and possible prophylactics and treatments.
The Kidney is responsible for regulating many aspects of bodily fluids.
It is charged with the removal of toxins, regulates the acid–alkaline balance, it controls the volume of various bodily fluids and electrolyte concentrations.
Amongst toxins excreted by the kidneys are uric acid, creatinine, hydrogen, potassium, ammonium, etc.
♦ Symptoms of Kidney Disease:
- Anemia
- Atherosclerosis
- Decreased mental acuity
- Edema (fluid build up in legs, ankles, etc)
- Fatigue
- Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
- Insomnia
- Muscle Cramps
- Nausea/Vomiting
- Pulmonary Edema (fluid in the lungs)
- Sexual dysfunction
- etc
Stage of Disease | eGFR* | Description |
---|---|---|
Stage 1 | >90 | Normal kidney function; Kidneys appear to work normally |
Stage 2 | 60 - 89 | Mild kidney dysfunction; Kidneys still perform adequately |
Stage 3a | 45 - 59 | Moderate kidney dysfunction; Kidneys show symptoms of disfunction |
Stage 3b | 30 - 44 | Moderate to severe kidney dysfunction; Kidneys show more symptoms of dysfunction |
Stage 4 | 15 - 29 | Severe kidney dysfunction; Kidneys only perform marginally |
Stage 5 | <15 | Final stage with most severe dysfunction; Kidneys close to or at total renal failure |
♦ The causes of Kidney disease are manifold but can mainly be attributed to dietary factors, environmental toxins and toxins ingested:
- Pharmaceutical Drugs: NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) [1][2] Statins [3][16] and also:
Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory Drugs, Antidepressants/Mood stabilizers, Antihistamines, Antimicrobials, Antiretrovirals, Cardiovascular Agents, Chemotherapeutics, Diuretics, Methamphetamine, etc.
I.e. virtually the entire Pharmacological arsenal to suppress symptoms has proven to be toxic to every organ by varying degrees.
(• This long list, which includes virtually every pharmaceutical drug, demonstrates that 'Allopathic Medicine' is built upon the premise of profit motivation and to simply suppresss or 'manage' symptoms, regardless of their severe, or even lethal side effects, but not premised upon actual healing and treating the underlying cause.) [21] Death by Medicine; Dr. Gary Null, PhD - Diet high in animal proteins: meat, chicken, cheese, etc which overload the kidneys with uric acid which needs to be excreted [5][6][14]
- Environmental toxins: Glyphosate [4][19], Paraquat [11], Herbicides, Insecticides, Hair Dye [10]
- GMO foods: [4]
- Fluoride in drinking Water: [20]
- High Fat Diet, HFD [14]
- Mobile/Cell Phone, Wi-Fi EMR: [12][15]
- Monosodium Glutamate, MSG: [13]
- Salt; excess intake: [7]
- Sugar or artificially sweetened Soda/Softdrink: [8]
- Western Style Diet: [17][18]
- Curcumin (Turmeric) [d][q][z] (See also Tab on Turmeric)
- Ginger [e]
- Green Tea [f][n] (See also Tab on Green Tea)
- Honokiol (a lignan isolated from the bark, seeds, cones, & leaves of Magnolia dealbata) [o]
- Kefir (Peptides) [s]
- Lingzhi [y]
- Melatonin (available from Cherries, Goji, Fish, Nuts) [w] [g]
- Niacin [h]
- Omega-3 Fatty Acid [j]
- Ozone Therapy [cc]
- Pomegranate Juice [p]
- Proanthocyanidin (Polyphenol/Tannin found in Grape Seeds, Cranberries, Blueberries) [k]
- Quercetin (plant flavonol found in fruits, vegetables, leaves, seeds, grains; capers, red onions, kale, etc) [l][q]
- Resveratrol [t]
- Rhubarb [bb]
- Sesame, Sesame Oil (Lignin) [m][r]
- Vegetarian/Plant based Diet [v]
- Vitamin D [aa]
- Zinc [a][c]
♦ References
- [1] Acute renal failure after treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known to have adverse effects on kidney function. Situations with a stimulated renin-angiotensin system such as volume depletion or pre-existing chronic renal failure predispose to acute renal failure (ARF) via inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by NSAIDs. To date, NSAIDs are frequently used as antipyretic drugs even in situations predisposing to ARF. Within 20 months, seven children presenting with diarrhoea and/or vomiting and fever were treated with therapeutic doses (11.5-32 mg/kg per day) of ibuprofen for 1 to 3 days before developing ARF.
CONCLUSION:
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are potentially dangerous in situations with even moderate volume depletion.
Eur J Pediatr. 2004 Mar;163(3):148-50. Epub 2004 Jan 24. PMID: 14745553
- [2] Severe acute kidney injury associated with non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs in cirrhosis: a case-control study.
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may cause impairment of kidney function in patients with cirrhosis. Investigational studies demonstrated reversibility of kidney dysfunction after drug withdrawal, but information based on clinical practice is lacking. Study aim was to investigate the characteristics and outcome of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) developing in patients with cirrhosis treated with NSAIDs.
CONCLUSIONS:
Patients with cirrhosis treated with NSAIDs may develop severe AKI which may be irreversible and associated with poor short-term outcome.
J Hepatol. 2015 Apr 11. Epub 2015 Apr 11. PMID: 25872166
- [3] Unintended effects of statins in men and women in England and Wales: population based cohort study using the QResearch database.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:
First recorded occurrence of cardiovascular disease, moderate or serious myopathic events, moderate or serious liver dysfunction, acute renal failure, venous thromboembolism, Parkinson's disease, dementia, rheumatoid arthritis, cataract, osteoporotic fracture, gastric cancer, oesophageal cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, renal cancer, breast cancer, or prostate cancer.
CONCLUSIONS:
Claims of unintended benefits of statins, except for oesophageal cancer, remain unsubstantiated, although potential adverse effects at population level were confirmed and quantified.
BMJ. 2010;340:c2197. Epub 2010 May 20. PMID: 20488911
- [4] Genetically engineered crops, glyphosate and the deterioration of health in the United States of America
A huge increase in the incidence and prevalence of chronic diseases has been reported in the United States (US) over the last 20 years.
Similar increases have been seen globally.
The herbicide glyphosate was introduced in 1974 and its use is accelerating with the advent of herbicide-tolerant genetically engineered (GE) crops.
Evidence is mounting that glyphosate interferes with many metabolic processes in plants and animals and glyphosate residues have been detected in both. Glyphosate disrupts the endocrine system and the balance of gut bacteria, it damages DNA and is a driver of mutations that lead to cancer.
Conclusions
These data show very strong and highly significant correlations between the increasing use of glyphosate, GE crop growth and the increase in a multitude of diseases.
Many of the graphs show sudden increases in the rates of diseases in the mid-1990s that coincide with the commercial production of GE crops.
The large increase in glyphosate use in the US is mostly due to the increase in glyphosate-resistant GE crops.
Journal of Organic Systems, 9(2), 2014
- [5] Dietary acid load: A novel nutritional target in chronic kidney disease?
Nonvolatile acid is produced from the metabolism of organic sulfur in dietary protein, and the production of organic anions (anion is a negatively charged ion) during the combustion of neutral foods.
Organic anion salts that are found primarily in plant foods are directly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and yield bicarbonate.
The difference between endogenously produced nonvolatile acid and absorbed alkali precursors yields the dietary acid load, technically known as the net endogenous acid production, and must be excreted by the kidney to maintain acid-base (alkaline) balance.
Although typically around 1 mEq/kg/day, dietary acid load is lower with greater intake of fruits and vegetables.
In the setting of chronic kidney disease, a high dietary acid load invokes adaptive mechanisms to increase acid excretion despite reduced nephron number, such as increased per nephron ammoniagenesis and augmented distal acid excretion mediated by the renin-angiotensin system and endothelin-1.
These adaptations may promote renal injury.
Additionally, high dietary acid loads produce low-grade, subclinical acidosis that may result in bone and muscle loss.
Early studies suggest that lowering the dietary acid load can improve subclinical acidosis, preserve bone and muscle, and slow decline of glomerular filtration rate in animal models and humans. Studies focusing on hard clinical outcomes are needed.
Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2013 Mar; 20(2): 141–149. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2012.11.001
- [6]
♦ Following is a selection of foods according to the 'Potential Renal Acid Load' (PRAL) principle.
• Negative numbers indicate base/alkaline foods, positive numbers acidic foods.Alkaline forming PRAL value Acid forming PRAL value Banana -6.9 Corn Tortilla 4.8 Asparagus -2.2 Cocoa with milk 114 Beans -7.4 Cheese, Gouda 20.0 Broccoli -3.6 Cod 19.8 Green Tea -0.3 Egg yolk 18.1 Carrot; raw -5.7 Egg; whole 9.0 Cauliflower -1.3 Mussels 15.2 Celery -5.0 Salmon 14.0 Cucumber -2.4 Sardines in oil 15.9 Eggplant -2.0 Shrimp 13.2 Spinach -11.8 Beef 12.5 Tomato -4.1 Chicken 16.5 Kale -8.0 Milk; whole 0.2 Lettuce -4.3 Pork 14.7 Onions -2.0 Sardines; in oil 15.9 Mushrooms -4.2 Shrimp 13.2
- [7] Volume Overload and Adverse Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease: Clinical Observational and Animal Studies.
In rats subjected to unilateral nephrectomy and a high-salt diet, the extracellular water significantly increased.
This fluid retention was associated with an increase in blood pressure, proteinuria, renal inflammation with macrophage infiltration and tumor necrosis factor-a overexpression, glomerular sclerosis, and cardiac fibrosis.
These findings suggest that patients with CKD might be particularly susceptible to the detrimental effects of salt-induced fluid retention and provide evidence to support salt restriction and volume control in CKD.
Conclusions:
Volume overload exhibits a strong association with CKD progression and CVD morbidity or mortality in patients with stage 3 to 5 CKD.
In animal models of CKD, salt-induced fluid retention results in renal and cardiovascular damage, which is ameliorated by diuretics.
Szu-Chun Hung, MD; Yi-Shin Lai, MS; Ko-Lin Kuo, MD, PhD; Der-Cherng Tarng, MD, PhD
- [8] Associations of sugar and artificially sweetened soda with albuminuria and kidney function decline in women.
Sugar-sweetened soda is reported to be associated with increased risk for diabetes and albuminuria, but there are currently limited data on how sugar or artificially sweetened soda may be related to kidney function decline.
RESULTS:
Consumption of ≥2 servings per day of artificially sweetened (diet) soda was independently associated with eGFR (Glomerular filtration rate) decline ≥30% (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.36 to 3.01) and ≥3 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) per year (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.36 to 3.55). No increased risk for eGFR decline was observed for<2 servings per day of diet soda. No associations were noted between diet soda and MA or sugar soda and MA or eGFR decline.
CONCLUSIONS:
Consumption of≥2 servings per day of artificially sweetened soda is associated with a 2-fold increased odds for kidney function decline in women.
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 Sep 30. Epub 2010 Sep 30. PMID: 20884773
- [9] Sugary soda consumption and albuminuria: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004.
End-stage renal disease rates rose following widespread introduction of high fructose corn syrup in the American diet, supporting speculation that fructose harms the kidney.
Sugar-sweetened soda is a primary source of fructose.
RESULTS:
Weighted albuminuria prevalence was 11%, and 17% consumed 2+ sugary soft drinks/day.
The confounder-adjusted odds ratio for sugary soda was 1.40 (95% confidence interval: 1.13, 1.74).
CONCLUSIONS:
Findings suggest that sugary soda consumption may be associated with kidney damage
PLoS One. 2008;3(10):e3431. Epub 2008 Oct 17. PMID: 18927611
- [10] The association between prolonged occupational exposure to paraphenylenediamine (hair-dye) and renal impairment.
INTRODUCTION:
Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) is widely used in hair dyes and cosmetic skin application.
RESULTS:
The study included seventy-two females with a mean age of 40 +/- 8 years and a median duration of exposure to PPD of 6 years.
Renal impairment, proteinuria and hematuria were observed in 14%, 26.4% and 41.1% of hair dressers, respectively.
Hypertension, skin changes and bronchospasm were found in 19.4%, 38.9% and 22% of participants, respectively.
CONCLUSION:
In this group of hairdressers with regular exposure to PPD, we observed high prevalence of renal impairment, proteinuria and hematuria.
These findings were significantly associated with the use of pure forms of PPD and longer duration of exposure.
Arab J Nephrol Transplant. 2011 Jan;4(1):21-5. PMID: 21469591
- [11] Pesticide use and risk of end-stage renal disease among licensed pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study.
RESULTS:
Positive exposure-response trends were observed for the herbicides alachlor, atrazine, metolachlor, paraquat, and pendimethalin, and the insecticide permethrin.
More than one medical visit due to pesticide use (HR=2.13; 95% CI 1.17 to 3.89) and hospitalisation due to pesticide use (HR=3.05; 95% CI 1.67 to 5.58) were significantly associated with ESRD (end-stage renal disease).
CONCLUSIONS:
Our findings support an association between ESRD and chronic exposure to specific pesticides, and suggest pesticide exposures resulting in medical visits may increase the risk of ESRD.
Occup Environ Med. 2015 Jul 15. Epub 2015 Jul 15. PMID: 26177651
- [12] Effects of intensive cell phone (Philips Genic 900) use on the rat kidney tissue.
RESULTS:
Light microscopic examination of the kidney tissues obtained from the first group of rats (Group 1 was exposed to a cell phone in speech mode for 8 hours/day for 20 days) revealed glomerular damage, dilatation of Bowman's capsule, formation of large spaces between the tubules, tubular damage, perivascular edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration.
The mean severity score was 4.64± 1.7 in group 1, 4.50 ± 0.8 in group 2, and 0 in group 3 (not exposed to cell phone EMR, electro magnetic radiation).
(Rating: AIS 1 – Minor; AIS 2 – Moderate; AIS 3 – Serious; AIS 4 – Severe; AIS 5 – Critical; AIS 6 – Maximal (untreatable))
While there was no significant difference between group 1 and group 2 (P>.05), the mean severity scores of groups 1 and 2 were significantly higher than that of the control group (P = .001 for each).
CONCLUSION:
Considering the damage in rat kidney tissue caused by EMR-emitting cell phones, high-risk individuals should take protective measures.
Urol J. 2013 ;10(2):886-91. PMID: 23801472
- [13] Proteomic Analysis of Kidney in Rats Chronically Exposed to Monosodium Glutamate.
Chronic monosodium glutamate (MSG) intake causes kidney dysfunction and renal oxidative stress in the animal model.
RESULTS:
The differential image analysis showed 157 changed spots, of which 71 spots were higher and 86 spots were lower in the MSG-treated group compared with those in the control group.
Eight statistically significant and differentially expressed proteins were identified:
glutathione S-transferase class-pi, heat shock cognate 71 kDa, phosphoserine phosphatase, phosphoglycerate kinase, cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate-6-semialdehyde decarboxylase,α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinyl-CoA ligase.
PLoS One. 2014 ;9(12):e116233. Epub 2014 Dec 31. PMID: 25551610
- [14][n] Green Tea Polyphenols Ameliorate the Early Renal Damage Induced by a High-Fat Diet via Ketogenesis/SIRT3 Pathway.
Several reports in the literature have suggested the renoprotective effects of ketone bodies and green tea polyphenols (GTPs).
RESULTS:
The increased renal oxidative stress and the loss of renal function induced by the HFD (High-Fat Diet) were ameliorated by GTPs (green tea polyphenols).
Renal ketogenesis and SIRT3 expression and activity levels, which were reduced by the HFD, were restored by GTPs.
CONCLUSION:
The ketogenesis/SIRT3 pathway mediates the renoprotection of GTPs against the oxidative stress induced by an HFD (High-Fat Diet).
Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017 ;2017:9032792. Epub 2017 Jul 26. PMID: 28814987
- [15] Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz)- and mobile phone (900 and 1800 MHz)-induced risks on oxidative stress and elements in kidney and testis of rats during pregnancy and the development of offspring.
In conclusion, Wi-Fi- and mobile phone-induced EMR (electro magnetic radiation) caused oxidative damage by increasing the extent of lipid peroxidation and the iron level,while decreasing total antioxidant status, copper, and GSH values.
Wi-Fi- and mobile phone-induced EMR may cause precocious puberty and oxidative kidney and testis injury in growing rats.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2013 Dec ;156(1-3):221-9. Epub 2013 Oct 8. PMID: 24101576
- [16] HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors induce apoptosis in mouse proximal tubular cells in primary culture.
DNA ladder pattern of 200 kDa typical of apoptosis (cell death) and significant increase in DNA fragmentation were seen after 24 hours of treatment with lovastatin (used to lower ‘bad’ cholesterol and fats/LDL, triglycerides), a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor.
Kidney Int. 1997 Oct ;52(4):962-72. PMID: 9328935
- [17] The Western-style diet: a major risk factor for impaired kidney function and chronic kidney disease
Abstract
The Western-style diet is characterized by its highly processed and refined foods and high contents of sugars, salt, and fat and protein from red meat.
It has been recognized as the major contributor to metabolic disturbances and the development of obesity-related diseases including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.
Also, the Western-style diet has been associated with an increased incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
A combination of dietary factors contributes to the impairment of renal vascularization, steatosis and inflammation, hypertension, and impaired renal hormonal regulation.
PMID: 21880837 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00068.2011
- [18] Diet and Chronic Kidney Disease
Kidney disease affects almost 15% of the US population, and prevalence is anticipated to grow as the population ages and the obesity epidemic continues due to Western dietary practices.
The densely caloric Western diet, characterized by high animal protein and low fruit and vegetable content, has fueled the growth of chronic diseases, including chronic kidney disease.
The results from the previously mentioned meta-analysis along with those of other previous studies suggest that many patients will benefit from salt reduction, especially older individuals and those with obesity and/or low GFR (glomerular filtration rate).
In summary, dietary factors are important for determining the workload of each individual nephron.
In the setting of CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease) and reduced working nephron number, each individual nephron is already at risk for hemodynamic injury. High intake of animal protein and egg yolks combined with low intake of fruits and vegetables is extremely conducive for nephron injury, and mechanisms of injury are not duplicative.
S379, https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmz011
- [19] Glyphosate's Synergistic Toxicity in Combination with Other Factors as a Cause of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Origin.
Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is a global epidemic.
Sri Lanka has experienced a doubling of the disease every 4 or 5 years since it was first identified in the North Central province in the mid-1990s.
The disease primarily affects people in agricultural regions who are missing the commonly known risk factors for CKD.
Here, we argue that glyphosate in particular is working synergistically with most of the other factors to increase toxic effects.
We propose, further, that glyphosate causes insidious harm through its action as an amino acid analogue of glycine, and that this interferes with natural protective mechanisms against other exposures.
Glyphosate's synergistic health effects in combination with exposure to other pollutants, in particular paraquat, and physical labor in the ubiquitous high temperatures of lowland tropical regions, could result in renal damage consistent with CKDu in Sri Lanka.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Jul 31 ;16(15). Epub 2019 Jul 31. PMID: 31370256
- [20] Fluoride in drinking water and diet: the causative factor of chronic kidney diseases in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka.
A significant number of people in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka suffer from chronic kidney diseases (CKD), and the author revisits existing literature related to CKD to find its causative factor.
There is a direct connection between high fluoride levels in drinking water and kidney disease, and there are unhealthy levels of fluoride in the groundwater in Sri Lanka's CKD-affected areas.
Based on the following observations, the author believes with confidence that excess fluoride in drinking water and in the locally grown food in the affected areas are the culprits of CKD in Sri Lanka.
Environ Health Prev Med. 2015 Jul ;20(4):237-42. Epub 2015 Apr 28. PMID: 25916575
- [21] Death by Medicine
Something is wrong when regulatory agencies pretend that vitamins are dangerous, yet ignore published statistics showing that government-sanctioned medicine is the real hazard.
This fully referenced report shows the number of people having in-hospital, adverse reactions to prescribed drugs to be 2.2 million per year.
The number of unnecessary antibiotics prescribed annually for viral infections is 20 million per year.
The number of unnecessary medical and surgical procedures performed annually is 7.5 million per year.
The number of people exposed to unnecessary hospitalization annually is 8.9 million per year.
♦ The most stunning statistic, however, is that the total number of deaths caused by conventional medicine is an astounding 783,936 per year.
It is now evident that the American medical system is the leading cause of death and injury in the US.
(By contrast, the number of deaths attributable to heart disease in 2001 was 699,697, while the number of deaths attributable to cancer was 553,251.5)
By Gary Null, PhD; Carolyn Dean MD, ND; Martin Feldman, MD; Debora Rasio, MD; and Dorothy Smith, PhD
♦ Probable prophylactics and treatments for kidney disease.
- [a]Effects of zinc supplementation on serum zinc and C-reactive protein concentrations in hemodialysis patients.
RESULTS: After supplementation, subjects in the zinc-supplemented group showed significant increases in serum zinc concentrations
A progressive decrease in serum C-reactive protein concentrations was observed in the zinc-supplemented group from the beginning (13.5+/-3.8mg/L SEM) to the end (10.5+/-3.5mg/L SEM) of the study, but this event was not significant. CONCLUSION: Zinc supplementation intake may cause an increase in serum zinc concentrations, leading to a decrease of inflammation in hemodialysis patients.
J Ren Nutr. 2009 Jun 19. PMID: 19541504
- [/b] Effects of monthly dose and regular dosing of intravenous active vitamin D use on mortality among patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Adjusted all-cause mortality risk was reduced 7-17% among patients receiving vitamin D each month of the 3-month interval, with the highest reduction among patients with shorter dialysis duration.
Pharmacotherapy. 2009 Feb;29(2):154-64. PMID: 19170585
- [c] The effects of zinc supplementation on serum zinc concentration and protein catabolic rate in hemodialysis patients.
A significant positive correlation (r = +0.61) was shown between PCR and serum zinc concentrations at the end of the study. Reported dietary protein intake did not change with zinc supplementation. CONCLUSION: Low serum zinc concentrations are reversible with zinc supplementation. Improvement in serum zinc concentration increases the PCR of HD patients.
J Ren Nutr. 2000 Jul;10(3):148-53. PMID: 10921536
- [d] Curcumin ameliorates renal failure in 5/6 nephrectomized rats: role of inflammation.
Studies in mesangial cells were carried out to further establish that the anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin in vivo was mediated essentially by antagonizing TNF-alpha. Curcumin dose dependently antagonized the TNF-alpha-mediated decrease in PPARgamma and blocked transactivation of NF-kappaB and repression of PPARgamma, indicating that the anti-inflamatory property of curcumin may be responsible for alleviating CRF in Nx animals.
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009 May;296(5):F1146-57. Epub 2009 Feb 18. PMID: 19225048
- [e] Evaluation of the efficacy of ginger, Arabic gum, and Boswellia in acute and chronic renal failure.
Ginger and AG showed renoprotective effects in both models of renal failure. These protective effects may be attributed at least in part to their anti-inflammatory properties as evident by attenuating serum C-reactive protein levels and antioxidant effects as evident by attenuating lipid peroxidation marker, malondialdehyde levels, and increasing renal superoxide dismutase activity. Ginger was more potent than AG in both models of renal failure.
Ren Fail. 2012 ;34(1):73-82. Epub 2011 Oct 21. PMID: 22017619
- [f] Effectiveness of green tea tannin on rats with chronic renal failure.
There were increases in blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and urinary protein, and a decrease in creatinine clearance in the nephrectomized control rats, whereas better results for these parameters were obtained in rats given green tea tannin after nephrectomy, demonstrating a suppressed progression of the renal failure.
Green tea tannin, however, was found to lighten the kidney under such oxidative stress. Mesangial proliferation and glomerular sclerotic lesions, which were conspicuous in the rats that were not given green tea tannin after nephrectomy, were also relieved.
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1996 Jun;60(6):1000-5. PMID: 8695898
- [g] Melatonin ameliorates oxidative stress, inflammation, proteinuria, and progression of renal damage in rats with renal mass reduction.
Melatonin, the major product of the pineal gland, has potent_antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and its production is impaired in chronic renal failure.
Deterioration of renal function (plasma creatinine and proteinuria) and structure (glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial damage) resulting from renal ablation were ameliorated significantly with melatonin treatment.
In conclusion, melatonin administration improves the course of chronic renal failure in rats with renal mass reduction.
Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2005 Nov;27(11):667-71. PMID: 18077597
- [h] Niacin ameliorates oxidative stress, inflammation, proteinuria, and hypertension in rats with chronic renal failure.
Niacin is known to improve lipid metabolism and exert antioxidant/anti-inflammatory actions.
Although niacin lowered serum creatinine and raised creatinine clearance, the differences did not reach statistical significance.
Thus niacin supplementation helps to attenuate histological injury and mitigate upregulation of oxidative and inflammatory systems in the remnant kidney.
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009 Jul;297(1):F106-13. Epub 2009 May 6. PMID: 19420110
- [j] Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation attenuates oxidative stress, inflammation, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the remnant kidney.
Thus long-term O-3FA (Omega-3 fatty acid) supplementation can reduce or reverse up-regulation of pro-oxidant, pro- inflammatory and pro-fibrotic pathways and attenuate tubulo-interstitial fibrosis in the remnant kidney. Key words: chronic kidney disease, NAD(P)H oxidase, Smad, TGF-beta.
Significant reduction of renal mass initiates a series of hemodynamic and non-hemodynamic events which lead to proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis, tubulo-interstitial injury and end-stage renal failure.
Lipid mediators derived from fatty acids participate in regulation of renal hemodynamic and non-hemodynamic processes that influence progression of renal disease.
Composition of cellular fatty acids and hence related signaling responses are influenced by their dietary contents.
Consumption of omega-3 fatty acids (O-3FA) has proven effective in mitigating atherosclerosis.
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009 Aug 5. PMID: 19656915
- [k] Ameliorative effects of proanthocyanidin on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury.
RESULTS:
PA (proanthocyanidin) significantly reduced the I/R-induced increases in S(Cr), BUN, and AST.
In addition, PA markedly reduced elevated oxidative stress product, restored decreased antioxidant enzymes, and attenuated histological alterations.
Moreover, PA attenuated the tissue NO(x), levels indicating reduced NO production.
CONCLUSIONS:
The pretreatment of rats with PA reduced the renal dysfunction and morphological changes, ameliorated cellular injury, and restored renal antioxidant enzymes caused by renal I/R.
Ren Fail. 2008;30(9):931-8. PMID: 18925534
- [l] Role of quercetin on hepatic urea production in acute renal failure.
The value of urea production in the liver was determined by measuring of liver arginase activity, the terminal enzyme of urea cycle.
Arginase activity was increased (p < 0.01) as well as urea level (p < 0.001) 48 h after glycerol administration.
Pretreatment by quercetin suppressed the arginase activity in the liver (p < 0.05) and plasma levels of urea (p < 0.01).
So, we have concluded that quercetin may be beneficial in glycerol induced ARF (Acute renal failure).
Ren Fail. 2003 Mar;25(2):149-55. PMID: 12739822
- [m] Sesame lignans suppress age-related disorders of the kidney in mice.
Sesamin is a functional ingredient in sesame (Sesamum indicum) seeds and has many physiological effects.
RESULTS:
Renal lipofuscin deposition was increased in the O-C (regular diet) group compared to that in the Y-C (young mice) group and its deposition with aging was significantly decreased in both O-SE (diet containing sesame lignans) and O-SE+VE (diet containing sesame lignans and α-tocopherol) groups.
CONCLUSIONS:
Sesame lignans might be useful to suppress age-related kidney disorders, and these effects could be enhanced with VE (α-tocopherol).
Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020 May ;24(9):5140-5147. PMID: 32432778
- [o] Honokiol alleviates sepsis-induced acute kidney injury in mice by targeting the miR-218-5p/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway.
Honokiol is a low-molecular-weight natural product and has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity.
The results revealed that honokiol significantly increased the survival rate in mice undergoing a CLP operation.
Inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, were significantly inhibited in honokiol-treated septic mice compared with the CLP group.
In addition, honokiol showed the ability to reverse CLP-induced AKI in septic mice. Furthermore, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression levels were significantly up-regulated and miR-218-5p wasmarkedly down-regulated in honokiol-treated septic mice as compared to CLP-operated mice.
Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2019 ;24:15. Epub 2019 Feb 22. PMID: 30833971
- [p] Pomegranate Juice Diminishes The Mitochondria-Dependent Cell Death And NF-kB Signaling Pathway Induced By Copper Oxide Nanoparticles On Liver And Kidneys Of Rats.
Pomegranate (L) has been used since ancient times in the traditional medicine of several cultures, particularly in the Middle East.
It is an essential commercial crop full of bioactive compounds with several medical applications.
Pomegranate is very popular for its biological effects exerted by phenolic compounds via free radical scavenging abilities.
It has revealed high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and is beneficial for the amelioration of liver and kidney diseases.
Conclusion:
PJ was proved to be a potential hepato-renal protective agent against liver and kidney damage induced by CuO-NPs via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects.
Int J Nanomedicine. 2019 ;14:8905-8922. Epub 2019 Nov 15. PMID: 31814719
- [q] Effect of bioflavonoids quercetin and curcumin on ischemic renal injury: a new class of renoprotective agents.
Bioflavonoids are agents with potential immunosuppressive and renoprotective properties. We studied the effects of quercetin and curcumin, two bioflavonoids, on ischemia-reperfusion in the rat.
RESULTS:
Pretreatment with quercetin or curcumin resulted in preservation of histological integrity, with a decrease in tubular damage and interstitial inflammation.
Pretreatment with quercetin or curcumin strongly attenuated this expression.
CONCLUSION:
Quercetin and curcumin reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury and its inflammatory sequelae.
The bioflavonoids hold promise as agents that can reduce immune and nonimmune renal injury, the key risk factors in chronic graft loss.
Transplantation. 1998 Jul 27;66(2):147-52. PMID: 9701255
- [r] Sesame Oil Attenuates Renal Oxidative Stress Induced by a High Fat Diet.
The antioxidative effects of the bioactive compounds enriched sesame oil (e.g. lignans and tocopherols) are well established.
These results suggest that sesame oil could ameliorate HFD (high fat diet)-induced renal damage by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation.
Prev Nutr Food Sci. 2019 Jun ;24(2):114-120. Epub 2019 Jun 30. PMID: 31328114
- [s] Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Antifibrotic Effects of Kefir Peptides on Salt-Induced Renal Vascular Damage and Dysfunction in Aged Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.
A previous study showed that kefir products have anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive activities and immunological modulation functions.
...Furthermore, KP treatment significantly increased the renal superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which exerted potent protection against salt-induced chronic kidney disease in SHRSP rats.
The results of this study suggest that KPs (Kefir Peptides) ameliorate salt-induced renal damage, tubular atrophy, and glomerular dysfunction through anti-inflammatory, antioxidative stress, and antifibrotic activities, and might be a promising protective agent against high salt-induced renovascular-related diseases.
Antioxidants (Basel). 2020 Aug 26 ;9(9). Epub 2020 Aug 26. PMID: 32858955
- [t] Health Benefits of Resveratrol in Kidney Disease: Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.
Different diseases and disorders that affect the kidneys include, but are not limited to, glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease, kidney stones, renal fibrosis, sepsis, and renal cell carcinoma. Kidney disease tends to develop over many years, making it difficult to identify until much later when kidney function is severely impaired and undergoing kidney failure.
Epidemiological studies have suggested that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables is associated with health benefits including protection against kidney disease and renal cancer.
Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in grapes and berries, has been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and anti-cancer properties.
Nutrients. 2019 Jul 17 ;11(7). Epub 2019 Jul 17. PMID: 31319485
- [v] Plant-based diets for prevention and management of chronic kidney disease.
Plant-based diets have been used with growing popularity for the treatment of a wide range of lifestyle-related diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. With the reinvigoration of the conservative and dietary management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the use of low protein diets for secondary prevention of CKD to delay or prevent dialysis therapy, there is an increasing interest in the potential role of plant-based diets for these patients.
SUMMARY:
Plant-based diets should be recommended for both primary and secondary prevention of CKD.
Concerns of hyperkalemia and protein inadequacy related to plant-based diets may be outdated and unsupported by the current body of literature.
Healthcare providers in general medicine and nephrology can consider plant-based diets as an important tool for prevention and management of CKD.
Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2019 Nov 12. Epub 2019 Nov 12. PMID: 31725014
- [w] Melatonin and renal protection: novel perspectives from animal experiments and human studies (review).
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious public health problem.
Current therapies are designed to slow down progression of the disease and avoid the necessity of dialysis or kidney transplantation.
CKD is characterized by chronic inflammation and progressive cell death resulting in fibrotic rebuilding of renal tissue.
Melatonin, the primary product of the pineal gland, has been shown to have pluripotent protective effects in many organs and tissues.
It exerts anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antiremodelling actions.
A principal mechanism of these numerous melatonin benefits resides in its extraordinary high efficacy as an antioxidant and scavenger protecting cells both extracellularly and in all subcellular structures.
In humans, melatonin's chronobiological action attenuates sleep disturbances in hemodialyzed patients suffering from a relative melatonin deficiency.
Moreover, melatonin reduces the oxidative burden and improves iron metabolism in hemodialyzed patients.
In conclusion, the pleiotropic physiological actions of melatonin induce beneficial effects at numerous pathophysiological levels related to CKD both under experimental and clinical conditions.
Curr Pharm Des. 2015 ;21(7):936-49. PMID: 25269563
- [y] Preventive and Therapeutic Effect of Ganoderma (Lingzhi) on Renal Diseases and Clinical Applications.
The mechanisms of kidney diseases, such as acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), have been intensively studied.
Nonetheless, the morbidity and mortality of AKI and CKD increased in recent years.
Recently, natural products have been increasingly recognized as an alternative source for treating renal diseases on account of the conventional experience and the multi-target characteristics.
Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum, Lingzhi) has been used for centuries as nutraceuticals and alternative medicine to improve health and to treat numerous diseases.
Benefiting from various biological activities, such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-tumor growth and metastasis, etc., G. lucidum has been proved to exhibit significant role in preventing and treating various kidney diseases.
In this chapter, we review certain researches and provide comprehensive insights into the reno-protective effects of G. lucidum.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019 ;1182:243-262. PMID: 31777022
- [z] Curcumin and chronic kidney disease (CKD): major mode of action through stimulating endogenous intestinal alkaline phosphatase.
Curcumin, an active ingredient in the traditional herbal remedy and dietary spice turmeric (Curcuma longa), has significant anti-inflammatory properties.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), an inflammatory disease, can lead to end stage renal disease resulting in dialysis and transplant.
Furthermore, it is frequently associated with other inflammatory disease such as diabetes and cardiovascular disorders.
Recent studies have shown that increased intestinal permeability results in the leakage of pro-inflammatory molecules (cytokines and lipopolysaccharides) from gut into the circulation in diseases such as CKD, diabetes and atherosclerosis.
This change in intestinal permeability is due to decreased expression of tight junction proteins and intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP).
Curcumin increases the expression of IAP and tight junction proteins and corrects gut permeability.
This action reduces the levels of circulatory inflammatory biomolecules.
This effect of curcumin on intestine can explain why, despite poor bioavailability, curcumin has potential anti-inflammatory effects in vivo and beneficial effects on CKD.
Molecules. 2014 ;19(12):20139-56. Epub 2014 Dec 2. PMID: 25474287
- [aa] 25-vitamin D reduces inflammation in uremic environment.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by loss of renal function and a consequent increase of serum uremic toxins, which contribute to inflammation status. Deficiency of 25-vitamin D, often found in patients with CKD, has been included as an inflammatory factor since it might modulate the immune system.
Supplementation of 25-vitamin D was able to reduce the expression of TRL4, cathelicidin, and MCP-1 in the uremic environment.
This in vitro study showed that the uremic pool activates inflammatory response in monocytes, which was reversed by 25-vitamin D supplementation; this finding suggests that 25-vitamin D has an anti-inflammatory role in the uremic environment.
Sci Rep. 2020 Jan 10 ;10(1):128. Epub 2020 Jan 10. PMID: 31924826
- [bb] Rhubarb Protect Against Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis by Inhibiting TGF-β/Smad Pathway and Improving Abnormal Metabolome in Chronic Kidney Disease.
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is the final common pathway for all kidney diseases leading to chronic kidney disease (CKD).
We found rhubarb extracts suppressed TGF-β/Smad3-mediated renal fibrosis by reducing the TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β receptor I (TGF-β RI), transforming growth factor-β receptor II (TGF-β RII), Smad2, p-Smad2, Smad3, p-Smad3, and Smad4, meanwhile increased Smad7.
In addition, rhubarb extracts mitigated renal injury and dysfunction, and either fully or partially reversed the abnormalities of tissue metabolites.
Thus, rebalancing the disorder of TGF-β/Smad signaling and metabolic dysfunction by treatment with rhubarb extracts may represent as an effective therapy for CKD associated with fibrosis.
Front Pharmacol. 2018 ;9:1029. Epub 2018 Sep 13. PMID: 30271345
- [cc] The NLRP3 inflammasome is a potential target of ozone therapy aiming to ease chronic renal inflammation in chronic kidney disease.
Ozone therapy is an effective medical treatment for various diseases.
A previous study has demonstrated its reno-protective effect in chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the mechanism involved is not completely known.
The results showed that ozone therapy at a low concentration improved renal function and ameliorated renal morphological injury in 5/6 nephrectomized rats.
The expression of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1-p10 in the kidney of these rats was simultaneously lowered by ozone therapy.
Moreover, renal inflammation caused by IL-1β was significantly alleviated by ozone therapy.
The Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the protein level of IL-1β was positively correlated with renal injury scores.
Taken together, these results indicated that ozone therapy might reduce sterile renal inflammation and slow down CKD progression through the modulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in 5/6 nephrectomized rats.
Int Immunopharmacol. 2017 Feb ;43:203-209. Epub 2016 Dec 27. PMID: 28038382
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______________________________________
Diabetes
♦ The Diabetes Epidemic
The consequences of a 'modern, western diet', full of denatured, sweetened foods, drinks and snacks!
Every five seconds someone dies from diabetes globally due to its debilitating consequences, 50% of these 6.7 million people die under the age of 60! The Prevalence globally of Diabetes is over 9.5% (standardized for ages 20 to 79 years.) External Link
In Thailand the prevalence of Diabetes has risen to above 10% and well over 100 people die daily from Diabetes in this country alone.
However this degenerative disease is entirely preventable if a prudent, healthy diet is adhered to during one's lifetime!
A balanced, healthy diet consists of naturally sweet foods like fruits, vegetables, tubers, legumes and wholegrain rice, wheat, barley, rye and oats.
While many foods in the Table below are listed as having a zero Glycemic Index, and as such are said to be 'safe' for diabetics, they also are high in lipids (fats), growth hormones and purines, etc, and thus greatly contribute to other degenerative diseases like:
Atherosclerosis, Heart Disease, Kidney Disease, Stroke, Heart Attacks, Hypertension/High Blood Pressure, etc. [See 'GI Table' below!]
Adhering to an overall healthy diet is a balancing act between mostly low, some medium and even high GI foods, as long as the medium and high GI foods are eaten infrequently and in moderation.
Their adverse effects can also be mitigated by including high fiber, low GI foods which will reduce the overall GI and GL of the meal.
Since rice is an essential ingredient of the Thai staple diet, special care must taken on how to mitigate its possible contribution to the incidence of Diabetes. [See 'Rice' below!]
♦ Causes of Diabetes:
- Artificially sweetened Beverages, Sugar sweetened Beverages, Fruit Juice [η]
- Artificial Sweeteners [Ε]
- Anti Depressant Medication, ADM [Δ]
- Bisphenol A; Chemical found in plastics which migrates into food. [δ]
- Nateglinide; Starlix Pharmaceutical drug to 'treat' T2 Diabets [μ]
- Pesticides, Herbicides: Dioxin, Polychlorinated biphenyl [PCB], Chlorinated pesticide, Bisphenol A [BPA], Phthalate [κ]
- Sucrose, HFCS High Fructose Corn Syrup; added to everything from Soft Drinks, Sauces (Ketchup, Soy Sauce, Apple Sauce etc) Meat preservative, Instant Foods, Peanut Butter, Fruit Juices, etc [ε]
- Sweetened Drinks: All sweetened drinks including Sodas (Coke, Fanta, M150, etc), Fruit Juice, Coffee, Tea, sweetened Soy Milk, are contributing factors for the development of diabetes. [α]
- Statin Drugs [ι][μ]
- TV viewing [λ]
- White Rice, high, daily intake [β][γ]
♦ Prophylactic and therapeutic compounds for Diabetes:
People with T2 Diabetes should be very careful when choosing treatment and management options:
» Rosiglitazone an 'anti-diabetic' drug sold under the trade name Avandia, for instance, as most all pharmaceutical drugs, is associated with severe side effects such as myocardial infarction and an increased risk of death from cardiovascular causes. [1Δ]
» Starlix (Nateglinide), a 'blood glucose-lowering drug', was found to significantly increase the risk of biochemical conversion to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitis (T2DM). [μ]
» Metformin, sold under the brand-name Glucophage etc, and Sulfonylureas, sold under the brand-names Glucotrol, Glipizidem Glimepiride, Amaryl and Glynase etc cause a massive increase in all-cause mortality. [1δ]
Prophylactics and treatment options of natural compounds and their 'active ingredients' shown to be effective as per cited research papers:
- Aloe Vera; plant, sap, extract [22] [34]
- Apple Cider Vinegar [23]
- Bay Leaves; Laurus Nobilis [35]
- Berberine; alkaloid extracted from Barberry, Phellodendron, Oregon Grape, Goldenseal, goldthread etc [36]
- Bitter Melon; Peptide mcIRBP-19, Vegetable [37]
- Black Seed Oil, Black Caraway, Black Cumin, Nigella, Kalonji. (Nigella Sativa) [7] [8]
- Brown Rice; substituting whole grains for polished Rice [2]
- Brown Seaweed Undaria pinnatifida (Wakame), Dictyota dichotoma (Branching Brown Algae), Hizikia (Hijiki) [3]
- Cinnamon Whole or extract [4][5]
- Cocoa; Cocoa products as a diet [28]
- Coffee, Tea [14]
- Embelia Ribes, Embelin; Ayurvedic medicine/herbs [27]
- Exercise: Physical exercise reduces the diabetes symptoms of high blood pressure.[1][10]
- Fenugreek Seed [40]
- Flaxseed Oil; Flaxseed lignan, powder [39]
- Fructo-oligosaccharides, Oligofructose, Oligofructan: alternative sweetener [12]
- Garlic Allicin [6]
- Ginko Biloba [13]
- Herbs Psyllium Fiber, Aloe Vera, Dragon Fruit, Cinnamon, Urtica Diolca (Stinging Nettle), Nigella Sativa, Fenugreek Seeds [9] [22]
- Kefir; Probiotic fermented milk, soymilk [38]
- Mangiferin; Molecule isolated from the Mango Tree [17]
- Moringa Oleifera Lam [16]
- Passion Fruit Peel, Turmeric Powder [18]
- Probiotic, Synbiotic* Supplementation *Nutritional supplements combining Probiotics & Prebiotics to form synergism [19] [20]
- Propolis [30]
- Resveratrol; 'active ingredient' found in Berries etc. See Tab/Post on 'Berries' [25]
- Rhizoma Coptidis (Huang Lian) [23]
- Spirulina [24]
- Stinging Nettle; Urtica dioica [26]
- Thymoquinone; active ingredient found in Nigella Sativa (Black Caraway, Black Cumin, Nigella) etc [21]
- Vegan Diet; low fat [33]
- Vegetables, Fruit [15]
- Vitamin C (very low Confidence Interval studies) [11]
- Vitamin D [29]
- Whole Grains, Cereal Fibre [31]
- Zinc; supplementation [32]
Glycemic Index, GI Glycemic Load, GL
- <55 low
- 56-69 medium
- >70 high
- <10 low
- 11-19 medium
- >20 high
♦ Glycemic Index, GI, and Glycemic Load, GL
Foodstuffs | GI | Serving Size | GL | PRAL Score | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacon | 0 | 0 | 16.56 | ||
Beef Liver | 0 | 0 | 22.73 | ||
Beef Topside | 0 | 0 | 12.5 | ||
Cheese | 0 | 0 | 34.0 | ||
Chicken Breast | 0 | 0 | 16.5 | ||
Chicken Liver | 0 | 0 | 20.49 | ||
Chicken Wing | 0 | 0 | 13.93 | ||
Fish, Carp | 0 | 0 | 11.75 | ||
Mackerel | 0 | 0 | 7.28 | ||
Octopus | 0 | 0 | 8.69 | ||
Oyster | 0 | 0 | 1.88 | ||
Pork, Rump | 0 | 0 | 7.9 | ||
Processed Fish; Fish Balls | 0 | 0 | 7.72 | ||
Rainbow Trout | 0 | 0 | 10.8 | ||
Salmon | 0 | 0 | 11.5 | ||
Salmon; canned | 0 | 0 | 14.0 | ||
Sausage, Vienna | 0 | 0 | 10.6 | ||
Seaweed | 0 | 0 | -4.8 | ||
Sheep, Lamb, Mutton | 0 | 0 | 11.58 | ||
Shrimp | 0 | 0 | 12.56 | ||
Squid, Spear Squid | 0 | 0 | 9.37 | ||
Textured Vegetable, Protein | 0 | 0 | -10.58 | ||
Tuna Canned | 0 | 0 | 10.09 | ||
Wine | 0 | 0 | - | ||
Avocado | 10 | 200 grams | 0.2 | -8.2 | |
Chinese Cabbage | 12 | 200 grams | 2.5 | -5.0 | |
Peanut | 13 | 25 grams | 0.26 | 6.2 | |
Beans, Pinto | 14-45 | 50 grams | 0.26 | -9.6 | |
Asparagus | 15 | 200 grams | 0.6 | -2.2 | |
Bamboo Shoots | 15 | 50 grams | 0.075 | -8.0 | |
Broccoli | 15 | 100 grams | 0.45 | -3.6 | |
Cabbage | 15 | 200 grams | 1.2 | -4.3 | |
Cauliflower | 15 | 50 grams | 0.5 | -1.3 | |
Cucumber | 15 | 200 grams | 0.6 | -5.0 | |
Mushrooms, fresh | 15 | 100 grams | 0.15 | -1.4 | |
Onion | 15 | 50 grams | 0.375 | -2.0 | |
Tofu | 15 | 100 grams | 0.3 | 2.25 | |
Beans, Black | 17-31 | 50 grams | 0.05 | -13.6 | |
Eggplant | 20 | 100 grams | 0.6 | -3.4 | |
Beans; Kidney | 9-70 | 50 grams | 0-0.08 | -8.4 | |
Tamarind, raw | 23 | 35 grams | 6 | -11 | |
Tomato | 23 | 100 grams | 0.875 | -4.1 | |
Chocolate; dark | 25 | 50 grams | 5.75 | - | |
Strawberry | 25 | 200 grams | 2.5 | 6.8 | |
Bread; barley wholemeal | 28-67 | 156 grams | 4 | 3.5 | |
Garlic | 30 | 20 grams | 1.68 | -2.6 | |
Lentils | 30 | 50 grams | 6.17 | - | |
Soymilk | 30 | 200 grams | 1.8 | -1.6 | |
Milk; Cow's | 31 | 1 Cup | 2.7 | - | |
Parsley | 32 | 100 grams | 0.97 | -11.13 | |
Apple | 35 | 125 grams | 4.8 | - | |
Carrot | 35 | 200 grams | 3.5 | -5.7 | |
Fig; fresh | 35 | 50 grams | 2.3 | -4.88 | |
Sesame | 35 | 10 grams | 0.35 | 0.3 | |
Fig; dried | 40 | 30 grams | 6.6 | -4.88 | |
Oats | 40 | 50 grams | 11.25 | - | |
Longan; fresh | 45 | 125 grams | 8.46 | - | |
Pineapple | 45 | 125 grams | 6.8 | -2.21 | |
Spaghetti/Pasta | 46 | 1 Cup | 20 | - | |
Banana | 48 | 100 grams | 9.6 | -6.9 | |
Durian | 49 | 50 grams | 5.5 | - | |
Clam, Mussels, Shellfish | 50 | 50 grams | 1.85 | 11.1 | |
Mango | 50 | 200 grams | 12 | -3.01 | |
Sweet Potato | 50 | 150 grams | 17.25 | -8.15 | |
Rice, brown/whole grain | 51-78 | 30 grams | 11.32 | 2.3 | |
Papaya | 55 | 200 grams | 7.7 | -4.03 | |
Rice; Basmati, polished | 57 - 80 | 30 grams | 13.92 | 1.7 | |
Honey | 60 | 10 grams | 4.5 | - | |
Ice Cream | 60 | 100 grams | 12.64 | 28.7 | |
Wheat Bread; white | 60 | 40 grams | 3.8 | -3.55 | |
Pumpkin | 64 | 150 grams | 4.8 | - | |
Corn | 65 | 150 grams | 15.5 | * | |
Raisins | 65 | 25 grams | 11 | -21 | |
Rice; Jasmine, polished | 68-116 | 100 grams | 58.4 | - | |
Potato | 70 | 200 grams | 21 | -6.08 | |
Beer | 90 | ½ Liter | 13.5 | - | |
Rice; glutinous/sticky | 92-98 | 100 grams | 19.41 | - | |
Sugar; brown | 98 | 5 grams | 3.4 | - | |
Dates | 100 | 12.5 grams | 8.125 | -11.9 | |
Sugar; white | 100 | 5 grams | 4.8 | - |
Please note that while most foods only list one value for GI and GL, they may in fact vary widely depending on variety, growing conditions and degree of processing of the food.
Foods in green are deemed to be much more conducive to overall health, even if they show a higher GI than red colored foods.
Unless you are on a strict low glycemic diet and not diagnosed with diabetes, it is best to select foods from the green category and combine these with beans, bean products and other low GI foods for an overall healthy, low GI meal. [1β][β]
♦ Rice given special attention!
As in Thailand, Rice is a staple diet in many countries around the world, and as such can contribute to the incidence of Type 2 Diabetes if the consumption is not managed correctly.
The Glycemic Index of Rice varies widely in different varieties, which is mainly due to the varying Amylose content.
Studies have shown that the consumption of beans and bean products like soy foods lowers the overall Glycemic Index of a meal consisting of white rice as the main carbohydrate. [1β]
"In a study of middle-aged Chinese women, type II diabetes risk was 78% greater in those consuming more than 300 g rice/day relative to those eating <200 g/day.
Whereas white rice has been shown to adversely affect metabolic health, brown rice may be protective." [1γ]
Variety | Brand | Origin | GI | Portion in grams * | GL | h/l |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jasmine | Double FP, Thai, Double FP brand, NTUC Fairprice Co-operative Ltd., Singapore |
Thailand | 68 | - | 31 | medium |
Jasmine | Double FP Thai Hom Mali premium quality fragrant rice |
Thailand | 90-92 | 63.6 | 41 | high |
Jasmine | Jazzmen, Jazzmen Rice, Inc., USA |
USA | 106 | 68.8 | 48 | high |
Jasmine | Mahatma, Riviana Foods Inc. |
Thailand | 115 | 62.5 | 52 | high |
Jasmine | Reindeer, Oriental Jasmine Rice Co. |
Thailand | 116 | 62.5 | 52 | high |
Glutinous | Bangsue Chia Meng Rice Co., Bangkok |
Thailand | 94-98 | 65.5 | 42 | high |
Glutinous | (waxy) low-amylose, boiled for 20 min | Thailand | 75 | - | 34 | high |
Black | Adan | Indonesia | 64 | 29 | medium | |
Black | waxy, Oryza sativa | China | 100 | 66.1 | 45 | high |
Brown | Doongara, SunRice; Ricegrowers Ltd., NSW | Australia | 51-72 | 69.9 | 23 | low-medium |
Brown | Oryza Sativa, India | India | 50 | 96 | 23 | low |
Brown | high amylose, rice, boiled 30 min | Philippines | 40-59 | - | 18-27 | low-medium |
Red | Red rice, Thai, unpolished | Thailand | 76 | 67.4 | 34 | medium |
Broken Rice | Lion foods, Bangkok |
Thailand | 68 | 63.2 | 39 | medium |
White | No Brand, high-amylose | Philippines | 43-67 | - | 28 | low-medium |
♦ Various Carbohydrates and their GI
Sugars | GI |
---|---|
Maltose | 105 |
Glucose | 100 |
Rice Syrup | 98 |
Sucrose/Table Sugar | 65 |
Lactose | 46 |
Fructose | 23 |
♦ Sources of various Carbohydrates
Mono-saccharides | Source | GI | Di-saccharides | Source | GI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glucose | Blood Sugar, Whole Grains, Legumes, Vegetables | 100 | Sucrose | Table Sugar, Sweetened processed Foods | 65 |
Galactose | Milk/Dairy Foods, Legumes, Figs | 25 | Lactose | Milk, Milk Products | 45 |
Fructose | Fruits, Honey, Vegetables, Soft Drinks, Corn Syrup | 25 | Maltose | Malt, Malted Products, Beer, Lollies | 105 |
Polysaccharides | Source | GI |
---|---|---|
Starch | Potatoes, Pasta, Corn, White Bread, White Rice, | 92-101 |
Glycogen | Form of body's energy storage; to be re-converted to glucose. Found in some plants, Microorganisms | |
Cellulose | Structural molecule of plants |
♦ Footnotes
- [1α] Role of aspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the benefits of aspirin in people with diabetes mellitus for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
CONCLUSIONS:
Aspirin therapy did not reduce the risk of cardiovascular events.
Existing trials were limited by small patient numbers and low cardiovascular event rates.
The use of aspirin cannot be routinely recommended for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in diabetes.
Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010 Jun;11(9):1459-66. PMID: 20429671
- [1β] Bean and rice meals reduce postprandial glycemic response in adults with type 2 diabetes: a cross-over study
Background:
Around the world, beans and rice are commonly consumed together as a meal. With type 2 diabetes increasing, the effect of this traditional diet pattern on glycemic response has not been studied fully.
Methods
We evaluated the glycemic response of bean and rice traditional meals compared to rice alone in adults with type 2 diabetes.
Results:
Postprandial net glucose values were significantly lower for the three bean/rice treatments in contrast to the rice control at 90, 120 and 150 minutes.
Incremental area under the curve values were significantly lower for the pinto and black bean/rice meals compared to rice alone, but not for kidney beans.
Conclusions:
Pinto, dark red kidney and black beans with rice attenuate the glycemic response compared to rice alone.
Promotion of traditional foods may provide non-pharmaceutical management of type 2 diabetes and improve dietary adherence with cultural groups.
PMCID: PMC3489574 PMID: 22494488
- [1γ] Identification of a Major Genetic Determinant of Glycaemic Index in Rice
For the majority of the world’s population, polished rice is a dietary staple and has been since its domestication many thousands of years ago (Sweeney and McCouch 2007).
It serves as the primary source of dietary energy and carbohydrates for most Asians, and increasingly for Africans, especially those in poorer urban and rural communities (www.irri.org).
However, prospective cohort studies in genetically divergent populations show that white rice consumption is associated with increased risk of developing type II diabetes independent of ethnicity (Murakami et al. 2006; Sun et al. 2010).
In a study of middle-aged Chinese women, type II diabetes risk was 78% greater in those consuming more than 300 g rice/day relative to those eating <200 g/day (Villegas et al. 2007).
Whereas white rice has been shown to adversely affect metabolic health, brown rice may be protective. In a study of US men and women, a moderate inverse association between diabetes risk and brown rice consumption was observed (Sun et al. 2010); however, varietal differences were not taken into account.
Identification of a Major Genetic Determinant of Glycaemic Index in Rice.
- [1Δ] Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes.
BACKGROUND:
Rosiglitazone is widely used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, but its effect on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality has not been determined.
In the rosiglitazone group, as compared with the control group, the odds ratio for myocardial infarction was 1.43 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03 to 1.98; P=0.03),
and the odds ratio for death from cardiovascular causes was 1.64 (95% CI, 0.98 to 2.74; P=0.06).
CONCLUSIONS:
Rosiglitazone was associated with a significant increase in the risk of myocardial infarction and with an increase in the risk of death from cardiovascular causes that had borderline significance.
N Engl J Med. 2007 Jun 14;356(24):2457-71. Epub 2007 May 21. PMID: 17517853
- [1δ] All-cause mortality in diabetic patients treated with combinations of sulfonylureas and biguanides.
RESULTS:
After adjusting for other potential confounders (including age, duration of diabetes, BMI, hypertension, lipid profile, HbA1c, and insulin treatment), mortality was significantly higher in patients treated with combinations of sulfonylureas and biguanides than in the rest of the sample, (relative risk, RR: 2.08; 95% confidence interval, CI 1.18-3.67, and RR: 1.68; 95%CI 1.01-2.79 among women and men, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS:
A higher mortality was observed in patients treated with combinations of sulfonylureas and biguanides, even at low doses.
Safety of such combinations deserves further investigation.
Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2004 Jan-Feb;20(1):44-7. PMID: 14737744
♦ References: Causes
- [α] Intake of fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
RESULTS:
A total of four studies (191,686 participants, including 12,375 with type 2 diabetes) investigated the association between sugar-sweetened fruit juice and risk of incident type 2 diabetes, and four studies (137,663 participants and 4,906 cases) investigated the association between 100% fruit juice and risk of incident type 2 diabetes.
A higher intake of sugar-sweetened fruit juice was significantly associated with risk of type 2 diabetes (RR = 1.28, 95%CI = 1.04-1.59, p = 0.02), while intake of 100% fruit juice was not associated with risk of developing type 2 diabetes (RR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.91-1.18, p = 0.62).
CONCLUSIONS:
Our findings support dietary recommendations to limit sugar-sweetened beverages, such as fruit juice with added sugar, to prevent the development of type 2 diabetes.PLoS One. 2014 ;9(3):e93471. Epub 2014 Mar 28. PMID: 24682091
- [β] A higher ratio of beans to white rice is associated with lower cardiometabolic risk factors in Costa Rican adults
Background:
A high intake of white rice is associated with the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
Costa Ricans follow a staple dietary pattern that includes white rice and beans, yet the combined role of these foods on cardiometabolic risk factors has not been studied.
Results:
An increase in daily servings of white rice was positively associated with systolic blood pressure (BP), triglycerides, and fasting glucose and inversely associated with HDL cholesterol (P-trend <0.01 for all).
An increase in servings of beans was inversely associated with diastolic BP (P = 0.049). Significant trends for higher HDL cholesterol and lower BP and triglycerides were observed for 1:3, 1:2, 1:1, and 2:1 ratios of beans to white rice.
Substituting one serving of beans for one serving of white rice was associated with a 35% (95% CI: 15%, 50%) lower risk of the metabolic syndrome.
Conclusion:
Increasing the ratio of beans to white rice, or limiting the intake of white rice by substituting beans, may lower cardiometabolic risk factors.
PMCID: PMC3155926 PMID: 21813808
- [γ] White rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis and systematic review.
Objectives
To summarise evidence on the association between white rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes and to quantify the potential dose-response relation.
Results
Asian (Chinese and Japanese) populations had much higher white rice consumption levels than did Western populations (average intake levels were three to four servings/day versus one to two servings/week).
The pooled relative risk was 1.55 (95% confidence interval 1.20 to 2.01) comparing the highest with the lowest category of white rice intake in Asian populations, whereas the corresponding relative risk was 1.12 (0.94 to 1.33) in Western populations (P for interaction=0.038).
In the total population, the dose-response meta-analysis indicated that for each serving per day increment of white rice intake, the relative risk of type 2 diabetes was 1.11 (1.08 to 1.14) (P for linear trend<0.001).
Conclusion
Higher consumption of white rice is associated with a significantly increased risk of type 2 diabetes, especially in Asian (Chinese and Japanese) populations.
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e1454 PMID: 22422870 PMCID: PMC3307808
- [Δ] Use of antidepressant medication and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three cohorts of US adults.
Abstract:
The results of several studies have suggested a potential positive association between use of antidepressant medication (ADM) and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus.
RESULTS:
During 1,644,679 person-years of follow-up, we documented 6,641 new cases of type 2 diabetes.
ADM use was associated with an increased risk of diabetes in all three cohorts in age-adjusted models (pooled HR 1.68 [95% CI 1.27, 2.23]).
Diabetologia. 2011 Aug 3. Epub 2011 Aug 3. PMID: 21811871
- [ε] High fructose corn syrup and diabetes prevalence: A global perspective.
Abstract
The overall aim of this study was to evaluate, from a global and ecological perspective, the relationships between availability of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and prevalence of type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes prevalence was 20% higher in countries with higher availability of HFCS compared to countries with low availability, and these differences were retained or strengthened after adjusting for country-level estimates of body mass index (BMI), population and gross domestic product (adjusted diabetes prevalence=8.0 vs. 6.7%, p=0.03; fasting plasma glucose=5.34 vs. 5.22 mmol/L, p=0.03) despite similarities in obesity and total sugar and calorie availability.
These results suggest that countries with higher availability of HFCS have a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes independent of obesity.
Glob Public Health. 2012 Nov 27. Epub 2012 Nov 27. PMID: 23181629
- [η] Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction.
Results:
Higher consumption of sugar sweetened beverages was associated with a greater incidence of type 2 diabetes,
by 18% per one serving/day (95% confidence interval 9% to 28%, I(2) for heterogeneity = 89%) and 13% (6% to 21%, I(2) = 79%) before and after adjustment for adiposity;
for
artificially sweetened beverages, 25% (18% to 33%, I(2) = 70%) and 8% (2% to 15%, I(2) = 64%);
and for
fruit juice, 5% (-1% to 11%, I(2) = 58%) and 7% (1% to 14%, I(2) = 51%).
BMJ. 2015 Jul 21 ;351:h3576. Epub 2015 Jul 21. PMID: 26199070
- [ι] Risk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy: a meta-analysis.
RESULTS:
In 5 statin trials with 32,752 participants without diabetes at baseline, 2749 developed diabetes (1449 assigned intensive-dose therapy, 1300 assigned moderate-dose therapy, representing 2.0 additional cases in the intensive-dose group per 1000 patient-years) and 6684 experienced cardiovascular events (3134 and 3550, respectively, representing 6.5 fewer cases in the intensive-dose group per 1000 patient-years) over a weighted mean (SD) follow-up of 4.9 (1.9) years.
Odds ratios were 1.12 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.22; I(2) = 0%) for new-onset diabetes and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.75-0.94; I(2) = 74%) for cardiovascular events for participants receiving intensive therapy compared with moderate-dose therapy.
As compared with moderate-dose statin therapy, the number needed to harm per year for intensive-dose statin therapy was 498 for new-onset diabetes while the number needed to treat per year for intensive-dose statin therapy was 155 for cardiovascular events.
JAMA. 2011 Jun 22;305(24):2556-64. PMID: 21693744
- [κ] Endocrine-disrupting chemicals, risk of type 2 diabetes, and diabetes-related metabolic traits: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
METHODS: MEDLINE was searched for cross-sectional and prospective studies published before 8 March 2014 into the association between EDCs (dioxin, polychlorinated biphenyl [PCB], chlorinated pesticide, bisphenol A [BPA], phthalate) and T2D and related metabolic traits. Three investigators independently extracted information on study design, participant characteristics, EDC types and concentrations, and association measures.
RESULTS:
Forty-one cross-sectional and eight prospective studies from ethnically diverse populations were included in the analysis.
Serum concentrations of dioxins, PCBs, and chlorinated pesticides were significantly associated with T2D risk; comparing the highest to lowest concentration category, the pooled relative risks (RR) were
» 1.91 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.44-2.54) for dioxins,
» 2.39 (95% CI 1.86-3.08) for total PCBs, and
» 2.30 (95% CI 1.81-2.93) for chlorinated pesticides.
Urinary concentrations of BPA and phthalates were also associated with T2D risk; comparing the highest to lowest concentration categories, the pooled RR were
» 1.45 (95% CI 1.13-1.87) for BPA and
» 1.48 (95% CI 0.98-2.25) for phthalates.
Further, EDC concentrations were associated with indicators of impaired fasting glucose and insulin resistance.
J Diabetes. 2015 Jun 29. Epub 2015 Jun 29. PMID: 26119400
- [λ] Television viewing and risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis.
The pooled relative risks per 2 hours of TV viewing per day were
» 1.20 (95% CI, 1.14-1.27) for type 2 diabetes,
» 1.15 (95% CI, 1.06-1.23) for fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular disease, and
» 1.13 (95% CI, 1.07-1.18) for all-cause mortality.
While the associations between time spent viewing TV and risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease were linear, the risk of all-cause mortality appeared to increase with TV viewing duration of greater than 3 hours per day.
The estimated absolute risk differences per every 2 hours of TV viewing per day were 176 cases of type 2 diabetes per 100,000 individuals per year, 38 cases of fatal cardiovascular disease per 100,000 individuals per year, and 104 deaths for all-cause mortality per 100,000 individuals per year.
CONCLUSION:
Prolonged TV viewing was associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality.
JAMA. 2011 Jun 15;305(23):2448-55. PMID: 21673296
- [μ] Medications affecting the biochemical conversion to type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
CKGROUND:
The extent to which some pharmacological interventions reduce or increase the risk of biochemical conversion to T2DM in at-risk individuals is unclear.
RESULTS:
We included 43 trials with 192,156 subjects (mean age 60 years; 56% men; mean BMI 30.4 kg/m2).
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, metformin, orlistat, phentermine-topiramate and pioglitazone significantly reduced the risk of biochemical conversion to T2DM, whereas statins and nateglinide increased the risk.
There was insufficient direct evidence regarding the effects of sulfonylureas, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Jul 31. Epub 2019 Jul 31. PMID: 31365088
- [δ] Bisphenol A exposure and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk: a meta-analysis.
RESULTS:
A total of 41,320 subjects were included.
Fourteen of the sixteen studies included in the analysis provided measurements of urine bisphenol A levels and two study provided serum bisphenol A levels.
Bisphenol A concentrations in human bio-specimens showed positive associations with T2DM risk (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.14, 1.44).
A sensitivity analysis indicated that urine bisphenol A concentrations were positively associated with T2DM risk (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.09, 1.31).
CONCLUSIONS:
This meta-analysis indicated that Bisphenol A exposure is positively associated with T2DM risk in humans.
BMC Endocr Disord. 2018 Nov 6 ;18(1):81. Epub 2018 Nov 6. PMID: 30400886
- [Ε] Chronic Consumption of Artificial Sweetener in Packets or Tablets and Type 2 Diabetes Risk: Evidence from the E3N-European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study.
BACKGROUND:
The influence of artificial sweeteners on metabolic diseases is controversial. Artificially sweetened beverages have been associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) but biases and reverse causation have been suspected to have influenced the observed association. In addition, it has been suggested that investigation into the relationship between the frequency and duration of the consumption of packet or tablet artificial sweeteners and T2D risk is necessary.
RESULTS:
Compared to "never or rare" consumers of artificial sweeteners, those using them "always or almost always" had an increased risk of T2D (HR = 1.83 [95% CI 1.66-2.02] in the multivariate model [MM], HR = 1.33 [95% CI 1.20-1.47] when further adjusted for body mass index, BMI).
Women consuming artificial sweeteners in packets or tablets for more than 10 years also had an increased risk of T2D compared to never or rare users (HR = 2.10 [95% CI 1.83-2.40] in the MM and HR = 1.15 [95% CI 1.00-1.33] when adjusted for BMI, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS:
Our data suggest that both a higher frequency and a longer consumption of artificial sweeteners in packets or tablets was associated with T2D risk, independently of major T2D risk factors, but partially mediated by adiposity.
Ann Nutr Metab. 2017 Feb 18 ;70(1):51-58. Epub 2017 Feb 18. PMID: 28214853
♦ References: Prophylactics & Treatments
- [1] Association between physical activity advice only or structured exercise training with blood pressure levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND: Diabetes is associated with marked cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) was to determine the effects of structured exercise training (aerobic [AER], resistance [RES], or combined [COMB]) and physical activity (PA) advice only on BP changes in patients with type 2 diabetes.
CONCLUSIONS:
AER, RES, and high-intensity combined training are associated with BP reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes, especially in exercise programs lasting more than 150 min/week.
Physical Activity advice only is also associated with lower Blood Pressure levels.
Sports Med. 2014 Nov ;44(11):1557-72. PMID: 25047852
- [2] White Rice, Brown Rice, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in US Men and Women
Because of a different degree of processing and nutrient contents, brown rice and white rice may have different effects on risk of type 2 diabetes.
Results
During 3,318,196 person-years of follow-up, we documented 10,507 incident cases of type 2 diabetes. After multivariate adjustment for age and other lifestyle and dietary risk factors, higher intake of white rice was associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes.
The pooled relative risk (95% confidence interval) of type 2 diabetes comparing ≥5 servings/week with <1 serving/month of white rice was 1.17 (1.02, 1.36). In contrast, high brown rice intake was associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes: The pooled multivariate relative risk (95% confidence interval) was 0.89 (0.81, 0.97) for ≥ 2 servings/week of brown rice as compared with <1 serving/month.
We estimated that replacing 50 grams/day (cooked, equivalent to ⅓ serving/day) intake of white rice with the same amount of brown rice was associated with a 16% (95% confidence interval: 9%, 21%) lower risk of type 2 diabetes, whereas the same replacement with whole grains as a group was associated with a 36% (95% confidence interval: 30%, 42%) lower diabetes risk.
Conclusions
Substitution of whole grains, including brown rice, for white rice may lower risk of type 2 diabetes.
These data support the recommendation that most carbohydrate intake should come from whole grains rather than refined grains to facilitate the prevention of type 2 diabetes.
DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.109 PMID: 20548009 PMCID: PMC3024208
- [3] Effect of brown seaweed on plasma glucose in healthy, at-risk, and type 2 diabetic individuals: systematic review and meta-analysis.
CONTEXT: Sustained hyperglycemia triggers chronic disease, including type 2 diabetes.
DATA ANALYSIS:
Meta-analyses showed a significant effect, favoring the intervention group for both fasting (mean difference -4.6 [95% CI -7.88, -1.33]) and postprandial (mean difference -7.1 [95% CI -7.4, -6.9]) plasma glucose.
CONCLUSION:
Brown seaweed and its extracts show potential for preventing and managing hyperglycemia.
Our meta-analysis confirms that brown seaweed positively affects plasma glucose homeostasis, with particularly promising postprandial plasma glucose effects.
Nutr Rev. 2021 Sep 21. Epub 2021 Sep 21. PMID: 34549293
- [4] Cinnamon intake lowers fasting blood glucose: meta-analysis.
Abstract:
Cinnamon, the dry bark and twig of Cinnamomum spp., is a rich botanical source of polyphenolics that has been used for centuries in Chinese medicine and has been shown to affect blood glucose and insulin signaling.
Cinnamon intake, either as whole cinnamon or as cinnamon extract, results in a statistically significant lowering in Fasting Blood Glucose (-0.49±0.2 mmol/L; n=8, P=.025) and intake of cinnamon extract only also lowered FBG (-0.48 mmol/L±0.17; n=5, P=.008).
Thus cinnamon extract and/or cinnamon improves Fasting Blood Glucose in people with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes.
J Med Food. 2011 Sep ;14(9):884-9. Epub 2011 Apr 11. PMID: 21480806
- [5] Effect of cinnamon supplementation on blood pressure and anthropometric parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.
RESULTS:
This meta-analysis found a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) (SMD: -0.532, 95% CI: [-1.032, -0.033], P = 0.037) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (SMD: -0.681, 95% CI: [-1.297, -0.065], P = 0.030) of patients with type 2 diabetes following cinnamon supplementation.
CONCLUSIONS:
Cinnamon supplementation significantly decreased SBP and DBP of patients with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020 Jan 30 ;14(2):119-125. Epub 2020 Jan 30. PMID: 32032898
- [6] Effect of garlic supplement in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
The present study was designed to systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of garlic supplement in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Nine RCTs involving 768 T2DM patients were included in the meta-analysis, and the dose of daily garlic (allicin) supplement ranged from 0.05g to 1.5g.
A significant reduction in the level of fasting blood glucose in 1-2 weeks [SMD = -1.61, 95%CI (-2.89, -0.32)], 3-4 weeks [SMD = -2.87, 95%CI (-4.74, -1.00)], 12 weeks [SMD = -9.57, 95%CI (-12.39, -6.75)], and 24 weeks [SMD = -21.02, 95%CI (-32.47, -9.57)] was achieved in favour of the garlic group rather than the control group. Significantly decreased fructosamine and glycated hemoglobin (both in 12 and 24 weeks) were also found in garlic group.
Meanwhile, significantly improved blood liquids of total cholesterol [SMD = -1.93, 95%CI (-2.98, -0.87), 3-4 weeks], high density lipoprotein [SMD = -0.41, 95%CI (-0.83, -0.00), 3-4 weeks] and low density lipoprotein [SMD = -3.47, 95%CI (-5.76, -1.18), 12 weeks] were confirmed after garlic administration.
Current data confirms that garlic supplement plays positive and sustained roles in blood glucose, total cholesterol, and high/low density lipoprotein regulation in the management of T2DM.
Food Nutr Res. 2017 ;61(1):1377571. Epub 2017 Sep 27. PMID: 29056888
- [7] Nigella sativa improves glucose homeostasis and serum lipids in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
RESULTS:
Seven trials were included in the meta-analysis of glycemic and serum lipid profile end points.
Supplementation with N. sativa significantly improved fasting blood sugar (FBS) [-17.84mg/dl, 95% CI: -21.19 to -14.49, p<0.001], HbA1c [-0.71%, 95% CI: -1.04 to -0.39, p<0.001], total-cholesterol (TC) [WMD: -22.99mg/dl, 95% CI: -32.16 to -13.83, p<0.001] and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c) [-22.38mg/dl, 95% CI: -33.60 to -11.15, p<0.001].
Subgroup analysis revealed significant reduction on Triglyceride (TG) with N. sativa seed oil [-14.8mg/dl, 95% CI: -23.1 to -6.5, p<0.001], while TG was increased with seed powder [29.4mg/dl, 95% CI: 16.9-42.0, p<0.001].
Complement Ther Med. 2017 Dec ;35:6-13. Epub 2017 Aug 30. PMID: 29154069
- [8] Effect of Nigella sativa seeds on the glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
The Effect of N. sativa seeds on the glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was investigated in 2010.
N. sativa seeds were used as an adjuvant therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 added to their anti-diabetic medications.
N. sativa at a dose of 2 gm/day caused significant reductions in fasting blood glucose, 2 h postprandially (2 hPG), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) without significant change in body weight.
The results indicate that a dose of 2 gm/day of black seed might be a beneficial adjuvant to oral hypoglycemic agents in type 2 diabetic patients[53].
PMID: 21675032
- [9] Effectiveness of Medicinal Plants for Glycaemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes: An Overview of Meta-Analyses of Clinical Trials
Abstract
Aims: To rank the effectiveness of medicinal plants for glycaemic control in Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM).
Results:
Twenty five meta-analyses reported the effects of 18 plant-based remedies.
Aloe vera leaf gel
Psyllium fibre
Fenugreek seeds
had the largest effects on HbA1c: mean difference -0.99% [95% CI-1.75, -0.23], -0.97% [95% CI -1.94, -0.01] and -0.85% [95% CI -1.49, -0.22] respectively. Four other remedies reduced HbA1c by at least 0.5%:
Nigella sativa,
Astragalus membranaceus,
and the traditional Chinese formulae
Jinqi Jiangtang and
Gegen Qinlian.
No serious adverse effects were reported. Several other herbal medicines significantly reduced FPG.
Front Pharmacol. 2021 ;12:777561. Epub 2021 Nov 26. PMID: 34899340
- [10] Influence of the intervention of exercise on obese type II diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis.
RESULTS:
A subset of 13 eligible studies was selected.
Exercise significantly reduced the concentration of high sensitivity C reactive protein (4 months:
WMD=-1.03, 95% CI: -1.77 to -0.29, P<0.01),
triglyceride (6 months: WMD=-24.75, 95% CI: -27.67 to -21.83, P<0.01),
diastolic blood pressure (6 months: WMD=-2.70, 95% CI: -4.12 to -1.28, P=0.0002),
systolic blood pressure (WMD=-7.98, 95% CI: -9.87 to -6.08, P<0.01)),
HbA1c (4 months: WMD=-0.25, 95% CI: -0.49 to -0.02, P=0.04) and
homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (3 months:
WMD=-0.19, 95% CI: -0.37 to -0.01, P=0.04); and a pronounced increase of HDL-C (12 months: WMD=3.57, 95% CI: 1.92 to 5.21, P<0.01).
CONCLUSION:
Exercise was beneficial to obese T2DM patients.
Prim Care Diabetes. 2015 Nov 6. Epub 2015 Nov 6. PMID: 26553963
- [11] Effects of Vitamin C Supplementation on Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in People With Type 2 Diabetes: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
BACKGROUND:
Evidence suggests that vitamin C supplementation could be a potential therapy in type 2 diabetes.
DATA SYNTHESIS:
Twenty-eight studies (= 1,574 participants) were included in the review.
Outcomes that changed to a statistically and clinically significant extent with vitamin C were systolic BP (mean difference -6.27 [95% CI -9.60, -2.96] mmHg;= 0.0002), with moderate evidence certainty, and HbA(-0.54% [-0.90, -0.17];= 0.004) and diastolic BP (-3.77 [-6.13, -1.42] mmHg;= 0.002) with very low evidence certainty.
LIMITATIONS:
Studies were predominantly short term (<6 months) with a small number of participants (<100).
CONCLUSIONS:
While evidence from short-term studies suggests that vitamin C supplementation may improve glycemic control and BP in people with type 2 diabetes, vitamin C supplementation cannot currently be recommended as a therapy until larger, long-term, and high-quality trials confirm these findings.
Diabetes Care. 2021 Feb ;44(2):618-630. PMID: 33472962
- [12] Fructo-oligosaccharides and glucose homeostasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis in animal models.
The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effect of fructo-oligosaccharide supplementation on glucose homeostasis.
The consumption of fructo-oligosaccharides decreased fasting blood glycaemia levels, whatever the metabolic status (healthy, obese or diabetic) and diet (low-fat or high-fat) throughout the experiment.
This reduction was linear with prebiotic dose (from 0 to 13% of the feed).
Fasting insulinaemia also decreased linearly with fructo-oligosaccharide supplementation but the reduction was only significant in rodents fed a low-fat diet. Potential underlying mechanisms include gut bacterial fermentation of fructo-oligosaccharides to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and bacterial modulation of bile acids, both interacting with host metabolism.
This systemic review, followed by the meta-analysis, provides evidence that fructo-oligosaccharide supplementation has a significant effect on glucose homeostasis whatever the health status and diet consumed by animals.
Nutr Metab (Lond). 2018 ;15:9. Epub 2018 Jan 25. PMID: 29416552
- [13] Effects of Ginkgo biloba intake on cardiometabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.
Seven studies comprising 768 subjects were included in the present meta-analysis which resulted in a significant effect of GKB on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (WMD = 0.26, 95% CI = [0.02, 0.50], p = .034) and serum HDL-cholesterol levels (WMD = 1.99, 95% CI = [0.19, 3.79], p = .030) with no significant publication bias.
GKB can significantly modulate HbA1c and HDL-cholesterol levels.
However, due to uncertainties related to the limited number of studies, it is too early to conclude whether GKB has any potential effects on the cardiometabolic factors in patients with T2DM or not.
Phytother Res. 2020 Oct 8. Epub 2020 Oct 8. PMID: 33090588
- [14] Coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and tea consumption in relation to incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review with meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND:
Coffee consumption has been reported to be inversely associated with risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Similar associations have also been reported for decaffeinated coffee and tea.
We found an inverse log-linear relationship between coffee consumption and subsequent risk of diabetes such that every additional cup of coffee consumed in a day was associated with a 7% reduction in the excess risk of diabetes relative risk, 0.93 [95% confidence interval, 0.91-0.95]) after adjustment for potential confounders.
CONCLUSIONS:
Owing to the presence of small-study bias, our results may represent an overestimate of the true magnitude of the association.
Similar significant and inverse associations were observed with decaffeinated coffee and tea and risk of incident diabetes.
High intakes of coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and tea are associated with reduced risk of diabetes.
The putative protective effects of these beverages warrant further investigation in randomized trials.
Arch Intern Med. 2009 Dec 14 ;169(22):2053-63. PMID: 20008687
- [15] Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.
The summary relative risk of type 2 diabetes for an increase of 1 serving fruit consumed/day was 0.93 (95% CI 0.88 to 0.99) without heterogeneity among studies (p=0.477, I(2)=0%).
For vegetables, the combined relative risk of type 2 diabetes for an increase of 1 serving consumed/day was 0.90 (95% CI 0.80 to 1.01) with moderate heterogeneity among studies (p=0.002, I(2)=66.5%).
For green leafy vegetables, the summary relative risk of type 2 diabetes for an increase of 0.2 serving consumed/day was 0.87 (95% CI 0.81 to 0.93) without heterogeneity among studies (p=0.496, I(2)=0%).
CONCLUSIONS:
Higher fruit or green leafy vegetables intake is associated with a significantly reduced risk of type 2 diabetes.
BMJ Open. 2014 ;4(11):e005497. Epub 2014 Nov 5. PMID: 25377009
- [16] Moringa Oleifera Lam. in Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Conclusions
The present meta-analyses demonstrated that blood glucose, TG, and TC levels were significantly reduced in diabetic rodent models treated with MO extracts.
The outcome of animal studies might not be immediately translated into the human condition because of the biophysiological diversity between species.
However, our analyses could shed light on a future more practical use of the MO for the prevention and treatment of DM and its associated dyslipidemia in humans.
Finally, it could have a profound impact on an increasing number of pre-diabetic patients worldwide, in particular, if herbal extracts such as MO could be developed as natural nutraceuticals for prevention, delayed onset, or progress of DM.
PMCID: PMC8229498 PMID: 34207664
- [17] Oral administration of mangiferin ameliorates diabetes in animal models: a meta-analysis and systematic review.
The overall pooled estimate of standardized mean difference (SMD) of mangiferin's effect on blood glucose was -1.27 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.71, -0.82, P<.00001).
Body weight increased in lean diabetic animals with an SMD of 1.41 (95% CI: 0.57, 2.25; P = .001), while it decreased in obese diabetic animals with an SMD of -0.92 (95% CI: -1.69, -0.14; P = .02).
Mangiferin intake reduced serum total cholesterol and triglycerides levels with SMDs of -1.02 (95% CI: -1.43, -0.61; P<.001) and -1.24 (95% CI: -1.70, -0.79; P<.001), respectively.
The meta-analysis suggests that oral intake of mangiferin has a significant antidiabetic effect in animal models, and the systematic review suggested that this function might be attributed to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties, as well as to its function of improving glycolipid metabolism and enhancing insulin signaling.
Nutr Res. 2021 03 ;87:57-69. Epub 2020 Dec 25. PMID: 33601215
- [18] Effectiveness of passion fruit peel flour (passiflora edulis l.) Versus turmeric flour (curcuma longa l.) On glycemic control: systematic review and meta-analysis.
RESULTS:
A total of 565 studies were identified from which 11 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Through isolated analysis, the effectiveness of turmeric flour on glycemic control was in the order of 0.73 CI (Confidence Interval) (from 0.68 to 0.79) and the effectiveness of passion fruit peel flour was 0.32 CI (0.23 to 0.45).
The joint analysis resulted in 0.59 CI (0.52 to 0.68).
The assessment of blood glucose was by glycated hemoglobin levels. All values were significant at a p<0.05 level.
CONCLUSION:
Both interventions showed significant effects on glycemic control.
Curr Diabetes Rev. 2019 Oct 26. Epub 2019 Oct 26. PMID: 31738145
- [19] The effect of probiotic and synbiotic supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
The role of gut microbiota in the management of diabetes has been shown.
Pooled data from these trials demonstrated that
probiotic and synbiotic consumption significantly decreased
» hs-CRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) level (standardized mean difference) [SMD]=-0.38; 95% confidence interval [CI]:-0.51,-0.24; P = 0.000) and MDA (SMD=-0.61; 95% CI: -0.89, -0.32; P = 0.000) in diabetic patients compared to those in subjects receiving placebos.
In addition, probiotic and synbiotic supplementation was found to
» increase Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) (SMD = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.52; P = 0.006),
» Nitric Oxide (NO) (SMD, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.25 to 0.99; P = 0.001) and
» Glutathione (GSH) (SMD = 0.41; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.55, P = 0.000) levels.
The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that probiotic and synbiotic supplementation may help to improve biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic patients.
Pharmacol Res. 2019 Feb 19. Epub 2019 Feb 19. PMID: 30794924
- [20] Effect of Probiotics on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of 12 Randomized Controlled Trials.
This meta-analysis aimed to summarize the effect of probiotics on glucose and lipid metabolism and C-reactive protein (CRP) from 12 randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
RESULTS
A total of 12 studies (684 patients) were entered into the final analysis.
The effect of probiotics was significant on reducing
» HbA1c level (standardized mean difference [SMD], -0.38; confidence interval [CI], -0.62 to -0.14, P=0.002; I²=0%, P=0.72 for heterogeneity),
» fasting insulin level (SMD, -0.38; CI -0.59 to -0.18, P=0.0003; I²=0%, P=0.81 for heterogeneity), and
» HOMA-IR (SMD, -0.99; CI -1.52 to -0.47, P=0.0002; I²=86%, P<0.00001 for heterogeneity).
Pooled results on effects of probiotics on FPG, CRP, or lipid profile were either non-significant or highly heterogeneous.
CONCLUSIONS
This meta-analysis demonstrated that probiotics supplementation was associated with significant improvement in HbA1c and fasting insulin in type 2 diabetes patients.
Med Sci Monit. 2017 Jun 22 ;23:3044-3053. Epub 2017 Jun 22. PMID: 28638006
- [21] The antidiabetic effect of thymoquinone: A systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies.
Thymoquinone (2-isopropyl-5-methylbenzo-1, 4-quinone) (TQ) is a quinone derivative with a yellow crystalline appearance, abundantly found in black cumin, Nigella sativa L. TQ has diverse pharmacological properties.
In the meta-analysis it was found that with an overall pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) of -9.176 mg/dl (95%CI: -10.759, -7.593; p = 0.000);
Thymoquinone (TQ) reduced the Serum Glucose (SG) level (-9.176 mg/dl) significantly in the STZ-induced diabetes model.
Moreover, a meta-analysis of the effect of TQ on Body Weight (BW) demonstrated that TQ has a statistically significant effect on the Body Weight (BW) of diabetic animals with an overall pooled SMD of 4.509 (95%CI: 3.234, 5.784; p = 0.000).
In addition, the overall pooled estimate of the level of serum insulin was significant with SMD of 1.681 (95%CI: 0.858, 2.503; p = 0.000).
Therefore, the meta-analysis showed that TQ has a significant antidiabetic effect through its action on the SG, serum insulin level, and BW of the animals.
Food Res Int. 2020 Jan ;127:108736. Epub 2019 Oct 15. PMID: 31882078
- [22] Effect of Aloe vera on glycaemic control in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Aloe vera (Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Xanthorrhoeaceae family) has long been used in folk or traditional medicine for diabetes.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
Eight trials involving 470 patients (235 each for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes) were included.
In prediabetes, Aloe vera significantly improved FPG (mean difference -0·22 mmol/L, 95% CI -0·32 mmol/L to -0·12 mmol/L, P<0·0001), with no effect on HbA1c (mean difference -2 mmol/mol, 95% CI -5 mmol/mol to 1 mmol/mol).
Aloe vera may improve glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes, with a marginal
improvement in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) (mean differences -1·17 mmol/L, 95% CI -2·35 mmol/L to 0·00 mmol/L, P = 0·05) and a
significant improvement in Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (mean difference -11 mmol/mol, 95% CI -19 mmol/mol to -2 mmol/mol, P = 0·01).
J Clin Pharm Ther. 2016 Apr ;41(2):180-8. Epub 2016 Mar 23. PMID: 27009750
- [23] The effect of apple cider vinegar (ACV) on lipid profiles and glycemic parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.
BACKGROUND:
Elevated lipid profiles and impaired glucose homeostasis are risk factors for several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which, subsequently, represent a leading cause of early mortality, worldwide.
RESULTS:
Overall, nine studies, including 10 study arms, were included in this meta-analysis.
We found that ACV consumption significantly decreased
» serum total cholesterol (- 6.06 mg/dL; 95% CI: - 10.95, - 1.17; I: 39%),
» fasting plasma glucose (- 7.97 mg/dL; 95% CI: - 13.74, - 2.21; I: 75%), and
» HbA1C concentrations (- 0.50; 95% CI: - 0.90, - 0.09; I: 91%).
The stratified analysis revealed a significant reduction of serum TC and TG in a subgroup of patients with type 2 diabetes, those who took≤15 mL/day of ACV, and those who consumed ACV for> 8-weeks, respectively.
Furthermore, ACV consumption significantly decreased Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) levels in a subgroup of studies that administered ACV for> 8-weeks.
Further, ACV intake appeared to elicit an increase in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) and HDL-C concentrations in apparently healthy participants.
CONCLUSION:
We found a significant favorable effect of ACV consumption on FPG and blood lipid levels.
BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021 Jun 29 ;21(1):179. Epub 2021 Jun 29. PMID: 34187442
- [24] The Effect of Berberine on Metabolic Profiles in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Objective: Rhizoma Coptidis (Huang Lian) is an herb that has been frequently used in many traditional formulas for the treatment of diabetic mellitus (DM) over thousands of years. Berberine, the main active component of, has been demonstrated to have the potential effect of hypoglycemia.
Results:
Forty-six trials were assessed.
Analysis of berberine applied alone or with standard diabetic therapies versus the control group revealed significant reductions in HbA1c (MD = -0.73; 95% CI (-0.97, -0.51)),
FPG (MD = -0.86, 95% CI (-1.10, -0.62)), and
2hPG (MD = -1.26, 95% CI (-1.64, -0.89)).
Improved insulin resistance was assessed by lowering FINS (MD = -2.05, 95% CI (-2.62, -1.48)), HOMA-IR (MD = -0.71, 95% CI (-1.03, -0.39)), and BMI (MD = -1.07, 95% CI (-1.76, -0.37)).
Lipid metabolisms were also ameliorated via the reduction of TG (MD = -0.5, 95% CI (-0.61, -0.39)), TC (MD = 0.64, 95% CI (-0.78, -0.49)), and LDL (MD = 0.86, 95% CI (-1.06, -0.65)) and the upregulation of HDL (MD = 0.17, 95% CI (0.09, 0.25)).
Additionally, berberine improved the inflammation factor.
Conclusion:
There is strong evidence supporting the clinical efficacy and safety of berberine in the treatment of DM, especially as an adjunctive therapy.
Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021 ;2021:2074610. Epub 2021 Dec 15. PMID: 34956436
- [24] The effect of spirulina on type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Results:
Eight studies (9 arms) were included in the meta-analysis.
We found a significant reduction in
» fasting blood glucose (-17.88 mg/dl; 95% CI: -26.99, -8.78;: 25%),
» triglyceride (-30.99 mg/dl; 95% CI: -45.20, -16.77;: 50%),
» total-cholesterol (-18.47 mg/dl; 95% CI: -33.54, -3.39;: 73%),
» LDL-C (-20.04 mg/dl; 95%
» CI: -34.06, -6.02;: 75%),
» VLDL (-6.96 mg/dl; 95% CI: -9.71, -4.22;: 33%),
in addition to a significant increase in HDL-C (-6.96 mg/dl; 95% CI: -9.71, -4.22;: 33%), after spirulina administration.
No significant effect was observed on HbA1C or post prandial blood sugar following spirulina consumption.
Conclusion:
The present study suggests that spirulina supplementation can elicit beneficial effects on fasting blood glucose and blood lipid profiles.
J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2021 Jun ;20(1):883-892. Epub 2021 Mar 2. PMID: 34178867
- [25] The effects of resveratrol on glycemic control and cardiometabolic parameters in patients with T2DM: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
RESULTS:
This systematic review and meta-analysis, including 17 RCTs with total 871 patients with T2DM, showed that resveratrol was superior to placebo on fasting blood glucose (FBG) and total cholesterol (TC) with doses≥500mg {MD=-13.34, 95%CI [-22.73, -3.95], P=0.005}, {MD=-5.64, 95%CI [-6.95, -4.33], P<0.00001} respectively. Moreover, it improved HbA1c at three months {MD=-0.41, 95%CI [-0.65, -0.16], P=0.001 and systolic blood pressure {MD: -7.91, 95%CI [-10.44, -5.37], P<0.00001}.
CONCLUSION:
We concluded that resveratrol beneficially modulates glycemic control as well as cardiometabolic parameters in patients with T2DM.
Med Clin (Barc). 2021 Oct 16. Epub 2021 Oct 16. PMID: 34666902
- [26] The effect of nettle (Urtica dioica) supplementation on the glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
The results of the meta-analysis revealed a significant reduction in fasting blood sugar, FBS concentrations (weighted mean difference [WMD]: -18.01 mg/dl, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -30.04 to -5.97, p<.001, I= 94.6%) following nettle supplementation.
The findings of the present study suggest that nettle supplementation may be effective in controlling FBS for T2DM patients.
Phytother Res. 2019 Dec 4. Epub 2019 Dec 4. PMID: 31802554
- [27] Antidiabetic activity of Embelia ribes, embelin and its derivatives: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Embelia ribes (ER) has been documented in Ayurveda for treating various diseases, including diabetes mellitus (DM).
» Embelia Ribes and embelin significantly (P≤0.01) restored blood glucose (MD, -231.30; CI, -256.79, -205.82; and MD, -154.70; CI, -168.65, -140.74) and
» glycosylated haemoglobin (MD, -6.36; CI, -8.33, -4.39; and
MD,-4.68; CI, -7.76, -1.60), respectively.
Meta-analysis findings also reported considerable restoration of insulin, lipid profile, haemodynamic parameters, serum and oxidative stress markers.
The derivatives of embelin, 6-bromoembelin and vilangin, also improved diabetic condition.
In addition, treatments also ameliorated body weight changes due to diabetes.
The present systematic review and meta-analysis supports scientific evidence for the antidiabetic activity of ER/embelin/derivatives of embelin.
Biomed Pharmacother. 2017 Feb ;86:195-204. Epub 2016 Dec 13. PMID: 27984799
- [28] Effects of cocoa products intake on cardiometabolic biomarkers of type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on both long-term and short-term randomised controlled trials.
Cocoa consumption as a diet has been shown to improve cardiometabolic biomarkers for T2D, but results were inconsistent.
The cocoa products significantly decreased low
» density lipoprotein-cholesterol (WMD: -9.955 mg/dL, 95% CI: -17.408, -2.501, = 0.009),
» triglyceride (WMD: -15.364 mg/dL, 95% CI: -23.383, -7.346, < 0.001),
» blood glucose (WMD: -9.105 mg/dL, 95% CI: -15.022, -3.189, = 0.003), and
» C-reactive protein (WMD: -0.978 mg/L, 95% CI: -1.687, -0.269, = 0.007) in long-term.
The results indicated the beneficial long-term effects of cocoa products intake on cardiometabolic biomarkers for T2D, especially on blood glucose, lipid metabolism (LDL-C and TG), and inflammation (CRP).
Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2022 Mar 6:1-17. Epub 2022 Mar 6. PMID: 35253583
- [29] The effects of vitamin D supplementation on indices of glycemic control in Iranian diabetics: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Results:
Vitamin D supplementation was associated with a significant improvement in
Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) (p = 0.001 and 95% CI: -0.526 to -0.136) and
HbA1C (p = 0.003 and 95% CI: 1.719 to -0.361) in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); while in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) the reduction in FBG (p = 0.071 and 95% CI: -0.873 to -0.035) and HbA1C (p = 0.199 and95% CI: 3.270 to 0.681) failed to reach statistical significance.
Treatment with vitamin D supplements was associated with an improvement in HOMA-IR in pregnant diabetic women (p = 0.028 and 95% CI: 0.924 to -0.053) and for individuals with diabetes mellitus (p = 0.005 and 95% CI: 1.772 to-0.319). The pooled result of the cross-sectional meta-analysis indicated that serum vitamin D concentrations were significantly lower in diabetic patients than in healthy controls (p = 0.018 and 95% CI: 0.587 to -0.054).
CONCLUSION:
This meta-analysis suggests that vitamin D supplementation improves indices of glycemic control (FBG, HOMA-IR, and HbA1C) in patients with diabetes mellitus. Hence, vitamin D supplements may be of potential therapeutic value in diabetic patients, as an adjuvant therapy along with other treatments.
Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2019 Feb ;34:294-304. Epub 2018 Dec 19. PMID: 30712741
- [30] The efficacy of propolis on markers of glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
RESULTS:
Six randomized controlled trials comprising 373 participants were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.
The results of the meta-analysis revealed significant reductions in
fasting plasma glucose (-13.51 mg/dl; 95% CI [-24.98, -2.04]) and
hemoglobin A1C (-0.52%; 95% CI [-0.94, -0.10]) concentrations following propolis supplementation. However, no significant lowering effect was observed in fasting insulin levels (-0.53 pmol/L; 95% CI [-1.69, 0.63]) or homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (-0.543; 95% CI [-1.72, 0.64]).
CONCLUSION:
This systematic review and meta-analysis suggested that propolis supplementation may be effective in controlling glycemic levels for T2DM patients.
Phytother Res. 2019 Jun ;33(6):1616-1626. Epub 2019 Apr 5. PMID: 30950136
- [31] Whole grain and cereal fiber intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis.
To evaluate whole grain or cereal intake on the risk of type 2 diabetes, we collected related literature on the relationship between whole grain or cereal fiber intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes.
A total of three studies on whole grains were included, three studies about cereal fiber, and two on both whole grains and cereal fiber.
Eight studies contained 14,728 type 2 diabetes cases out of 434,903 subjects.
Whole grain or cereal fiber intake is associated with type 2 diabetes (the overall RR was 0.68; 95% CI was 0.64-0.73) with significant heterogeneity in study-specific estimates (=0%,=0.452).
Whole grain and cereal fiber intake are inversely associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Int J Mol Epidemiol Genet. 2019 ;10(3):38-46. Epub 2019 Jun 15. PMID: 31333812
- [32] Zinc supplementation improves glycemic control for diabetes prevention and management: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
RESULTS:
Overall, compared with their respective control groups, the subjects in the zinc-supplementation group had a statistically significant reduction in fasting glucose
[FG, weighted mean difference (WMD): -14.15 mg/dL; 95% CI: -17.36, -10.93 mg/dL], 2-h
postprandial glucose (WMD: -36.85 mg/dL; 95% CI: -62.05, -11.65 mg/dL),
fasting insulin (WMD: -1.82 mU/L; 95% CI: -3.10, -0.54 mU/L),
homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (WMD: -0.73; 95% CI: -1.22, -0.24),
glycated hemoglobin (WMD: -0.55%; 95% CI: -0.84, -0.27%), and
high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (WMD: -1.31 mg/L; 95% CI: -2.05, -0.56 mg/L) concentrations.
Moreover, subgroup analyses revealed that the effects of zinc supplementation on FG are significantly influenced by diabetic status and the formulation of the zinc supplement.
CONCLUSIONS:
Our analysis revealed that several key glycemic indicators are significantly reduced by zinc supplementation, particularly the FG in subjects with diabetes and in subjects who received an inorganic zinc supplement. Together, these findings support the notion that zinc supplementation may have clinical potential as an adjunct therapy for preventing or managing diabetes.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2019 Jun 4. Epub 2019 Jun 4. PMID: 31161192
- [33] A low-fat vegan diet and a conventional diabetes diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, 74-wk clinical trial.
BACKGROUND:
Low-fat vegetarian and vegan diets are associated with weight loss, increased insulin sensitivity, and improved cardiovascular health.
DESIGN:
Free-living individuals with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to a low-fat vegan diet (n = 49) or a diet following 2003 American Diabetes Association guidelines (conventional, n = 50) for 74 wk.
Glycated hemoglobin (Hb A(1c)) and plasma lipids were assessed at weeks 0, 11, 22, 35, 48, 61, and 74.
Weight was measured at weeks 0, 22, and 74.
RESULTS:
Weight loss was significant within each diet group but not significantly different between groups (-4.4 kg in the vegan group and -3.0 kg in the conventional diet group, P = 0.25) and related significantly to Hb A(1c) changes (r = 0.50, P = 0.001).
» Hb A(1c) changes from baseline to 74 wk or last available values were -0.34 and -0.14 for vegan and conventional diets, respectively (P = 0.43).
» Hb A(1c) changes from baseline to last available value or last value before any medication adjustment were -0.40 and 0.01 for vegan and conventional diets, respectively (P = 0.03).
In analyses before alterations in lipid-lowering medications,
» total cholesterol decreased by 20.4 and 6.8 mg/dL in the vegan and conventional diet groups, respectively (P = 0.01);
» LDL cholesterol decreased by 13.5 and 3.4 mg/dL in the vegan and conventional groups, respectively (P = 0.03).
CONCLUSIONS:
Both diets were associated with sustained reductions in weight and plasma lipid concentrations. In an analysis controlling for medication changes, a low-fat vegan diet appeared to improve glycemia and plasma lipids more than did conventional diabetes diet recommendations.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 May;89(5):1588S-1596S. Epub 2009 Apr 1. PMID: 19339401
- [34] The antidiabetic activity of aloes: preliminary clinical and experimental observations.
The dried sap of the aloe plant (aloes) is one of several traditional remedies used for diabetes in the Arabian peninsula.
Its ability to lower the blood glucose was studied in 5 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes and in Swiss albino mice made diabetic using alloxan.
During the ingestion of aloes, half a teaspoonful daily for 4-14 weeks, the fasting serum glucose level fell in every patient from a mean of 273 +/- 25 (SE) to 151 +/- 23 mg/dl (p less than 0.05) with no change in body weight.
In normal mice, both glibenclamide (10 mg/kg twice daily) and aloes (500 mg/kg twice daily) induced hypoglycaemia after 5 days, 71 +/- 6.2 and 91 +/- 7.6 mg/dl, respectively, versus 130 +/- 7 mg/dl in control animals (p less than 0.01); only glibenclamide was effective after 3 days.
In the diabetic mice, fasting plasma glucose was significantly reduced by glibenclamide and aloes after 3 days.
Thereafter only aloes was effective and by day 7 the plasma glucose was 394 +/- 22.0 versus 646 +/- 35.9 mg/dl, in the controls and 726 +/- 30.9 mg/dl in the glibenclamide treated group (p less than 0.01).
We conclude that aloes contains a hypoglycaemic agent which lowers the blood glucose by as yet unknown mechanisms.
Horm Res. 1986;24(4):288-94. PMID: 3096865
- [35] Bay leaves improve glucose and lipid profile of people with type 2 diabetes.
Bay leaves (Laurus nobilis) have been shown to improve insulin function in vitro but the effects on people have not been determined.
Forty people with type 2 diabetes were divided into 4 groups and given capsules containing 1, 2 or 3 g of ground bay leaves per day for 30 days or a placebo followed by a 10 day washout period.
All three levels of bay leaves reduced serum glucose with significant decreases ranging from 21 to 26% after 30 d.
Total cholesterol decreased, 20 to 24%,after 30 days with larger decreases in low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol of 32 to 40%.
High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased 29 and 20% in the groups receiving 1 and 2 g of bay leaves, respectively.
Triglycerides also decreased 34 and 25% in groups consuming 1 and 2 g of bay leaves, respectively, after 30 d.
There were no significant changes in the placebo group.
In summary, this study demonstrates that consumption of bay leaves, 1 to 3 g/d for 30 days, decreases risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases and suggests that bay leaves may be beneficial for people with type 2 diabetes.
J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2009 Jan;44(1):52-6. Epub 2008 Dec 27. PMID: 19177188
- [36] Efficacy of berberine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Berberine has been shown to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism in vitro and in vivo. This pilot study was to determine the efficacy and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
Significant decreases in hemoglobin A1c (from 9.5%+/-0.5% to 7.5%+/-0.4%, P<.01), fasting blood glucose (from 10.6+/-0.9 mmol/L to 6.9+/-0.5 mmol/L, P<.01), postprandial blood glucose (from 19.8+/-1.7 to 11.1+/-0.9 mmol/L, P<.01), and plasma triglycerides (from 1.13+/-0.13 to 0.89+/-0.03 mmol/L, P<.05) were observed in the berberine group.
In study B, 48 adults with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus were treated supplemented with berberine in a 3-month trial.
Berberine acted by lowering fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose from 1 week to the end of the trial.
Hemoglobin A1c decreased from 8.1%+/-0.2% to 7.3%+/-0.3% (P<.001).
Fasting plasma insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index were reduced by 28.1% and 44.7% (P<.001), respectively.
Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were decreased significantly as well.
During the trial, 20 (34.5%) patients experienced transient gastrointestinal adverse effects. Functional liver or kidney damages were not observed for all patients.
In conclusion, this pilot study indicates that berberine is a potent oral hypoglycemic agent with beneficial effects on lipid metabolism.
Metabolism. 2008 May;57(5):712-7. PMID: 18442638
- [37] mcIRBP-19 of Bitter Melon Peptide Effectively Regulates Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Patients' Blood Sugar Levels.
This study was conducted to test the effectiveness of a particular bitter melon peptide (BMP), with a specific sequence of 19 amino acids (mcIRBP-19), in regulating diabetic patients' blood glucose.
The clinical results showed that BMP started to improve the subjects' glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels at the end of the second month (T2), with mean values being significantly lowered from 7.8± 1.4% (T0) to 7.5 ± 1.4% (T2) (= 0.004).
The values reduced continuously, eventually reaching 7.4± 1.1% (= 0.000) at the end of the experiment (T3).
HbA1c levels for the control group were 7.5± 1.2% in T0 and 7.5 ± 1.1% (T3), and not significantly different (= 0.852) over the same period.
This study provides clinical evidence that helps to verify the effectiveness of the new BMP product in regulating diabetic patients' blood sugar levels.
Nutrients. 2020 Apr 28 ;12(5). Epub 2020 Apr 28. PMID: 32354072
- [38] Effect of probiotic fermented milk (kefir) on glycemic control and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Probiotic group consumed 600 ml/day probiotic fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacteria and control group consumed 600 ml/day conventional fermented milk.
Blood samples tested for fasting blood glucose, HbA1C, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL-C at the baseline and end of the study.
RESULTS:
The comparison of fasting blood glucose between two groups after intervention was statistically significant (P=0.01).
After intervention, reduced HbA1C compared with the baseline value in probiotic fermented milk group was statistically significant (P=0.001), also the HbA1C level significantly decreased in probiotic group in comparison with control group (P=0.02) adjusting for serum levels of glucose, baseline values of HbA1c and energy intake according to ANCOVA model.
Serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL- cholesterol levels were not shown significant differences between and within the groups after intervention.
CONCLUSION:
Probiotic fermented milk can be useful as a complementary or adjuvant therapy in the treatment of diabetes.
Iran J Public Health. 2015 Feb ;44(2):228-37. PMID: 25905057
- [39] Efficacy of flaxseed oil compared with fish oil supplementation in the treatment of coronary heart disease: a retrospective study.
Background: Many studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids in animal models and human diseases. Compared with commonly used fish oil, flaxseed oil has better palatability.
Results:
A total of 120 patients were enrolled in the present study: 60 in the flaxseed oil group and 60 in the fish oil group.
After a median follow-up of 10.0 weeks (95% CI: 8.4-11.6 weeks), flaxseed oil was found to be significantly better at reducing serum insulin levels and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels than fish oil (P=0.03 and P=0.02, respectively).
The effects of flaxseed oil and fish oil on homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting plasma glucose (FPG); body weight, and body mass index (BMI) were found to be similar.
Moreover, patients who received flaxseed oil tended to have a better overall survival than those who received fish oil, although the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.067).
Conclusions:
Compared with fish oil, flaxseed oil was more effective in reducing serum insulin levels and hs-CRP levels for T2DM patients with CHD. For these patients, flaxseed oil might become a novel choice.
J Thorac Dis. 2022 Feb ;14(2):396-404. PMID: 35280463
- [40] The effect of fenugreek seed supplementation on serum irisin levels, blood pressure, and liver and kidney function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A parallel randomized clinical trial.
METHODS:
In an 8-week randomized controlled clinical trial, T2DM patients (n = 50) were assigned to the intervention (5 g FS powder, 3 times a day) or control group.
RESULTS:
Compared to the control group, FS consumption resulted in a significant decrease in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (p = 0.024), as well as a significant change in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (p = 0.02) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p = 0.001).
Within-group analysis showed a significant decrease in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (p = 0.014), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.001), and irisin (p = 0.001) in the FS group, and a significant increase in creatinine (Cr) (p = 0.001) and decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (p = 0.001) in the control group.
FS consumption did not have any significant effect on diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN).
CONCLUSION:
FS intake has some beneficial effects on FPG, SBP, and some liver and kidney function tests in patients with T2DM.
Complement Ther Med. 2020 Mar ;49:102315. Epub 2020 Feb 1. PMID: 32147060
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Turmeric
♦ Turmeric
Besides the traditional use of this Herb for a large variety of therapeutic and prophylactic treatments, thousands of scientific studies have confirmed these beneficial pharmacological effects for treatment.
Curcumin, yellow in colour, is the Molecule giving Turmeric (Curcuma longa) its distinctive bright yellow colouring.
A polyphenol Curcumin has the shown to be an effective anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal agent.
These therapeutic properties are successfully applied in the treatment of:
- Arthritis [1]
- Atherosclerosis
- Allergies [15][17]
- Autoimmune diseases
- Asthma [14][15][16][17]
- Brain / Cognitive function [9]
- Bronchitis
- Cancer [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][23]
- Diabetes [11]
- Digestive disorders [12]
- Inflammatory eye disorders
- Kidney Disease [11][21]
- Liver Disease [18][19][20]
- Muscular problems
- Neurodegenerative disease [9]
- Osteoarthritis [13]
- Psoriasis
- Rheumatoid Arthritis [22]
- etc.
♦ Cofactors
However, as Curcumin by itself is not very well absorbed, to get the full benefit of this Molecule Turmeric requires to be prepared with other natural compounds providing the necessary synergy to gain the full benefit:
- Piperine/Pepper
Piperine is a bioactive alkaloid found in Pepper.
Piperine alters intestinal permeability, it does this via Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, which is an enzyme facilitating the metabolism and transfer of compounds across cell membranes, (the outer coating around cells), which acts like a gatekeeper, regulating the permeability of compounds across the membrane.
A study showed that 20mg Piperine increased the bioavailability of Curcumin by 2000%.
Piperine also has been shown to help relieve nausea, headaches and poor digestion and also has anti-inflammatory properties.
Its ability to facilitate and improve the absorption of curcumin makes it an ideal co-factor for Turmeric/Curcumin to gain its full benefit.
The content of Piperine varies greatly in different varieties of the Piperaceae family.
It ranges between 2% to 7.4% and up to 9% in long pepper (piper longum), black and white pepper (piper nigrum)
. - Fat
Coconut Oil, Avocado Oil, Wheat Germ Oil or Almond Milk, etc.
Fats and oils facilitate the absorption of Curcumin in the following ways:- They increase the permeability of the intestinal wall
- Facilitate the transport of molecules into the bloodstream via the intestinal lymphatic system.
- Increasing the solubility of compounds that are not water soluble; this is important since Curcumin has a rather low water solubility!
- Quercetin
Plant flavonol from the flavonoid group of polyphenols.
Found in:- Green Tea
- Red Grapes
- Red Wine
- Onions
- Apples
- Berries
- Broccoli
- Citrus Fruits
- Cherries
- Coffee
- etc.
- Heat
Cooking or heating Turmeric increases its water solubility.
Note; prolonged cooking on high heat however can damage this delicate molecule.
The fallacy of the pharmaceutical industry is that their profit motivation and relentless pursuit of monopoly requires them to produce difficult to obtain, pure form, single molecule type pharmaceuticals which then are laced with toxic adjuvants to get their ‘active ingredient’ to even provide any therapeutic benefits.
Every Herb is imbued with a large range of molecules which act in synergy and enhance the benefits of the so called ‘active ingredient’, thus using the whole herb rather than a single extract or chemically produced molecule, provides the full benefit of mother nature’s own ‘pharmacy’!
Studies have also shown that bioavailability of Curcumin is higher when ingesting Turmeric as a whole Herb compared to ingesting the single Molecule Curcumin alone! [10]
A quick drink can be prepared by adding into a cup:
- One heaped teaspoon of Turmeric Powder
- Several dashes of black or white Pepper
- Some Coconut Oil (or your own preference of oil)
- If you find the taste too bitter add some brown Sugar if necessary
♦ Dosage
Turmeric is a culinary Herb widely used in cooking and various other ways, thus intake and dosages can vary significantly.
As a guideline, 2 to 5 grams of dried Turmeric Powder per day as a prophylactic can be considered adequate. However this can be adjusted according to personal requirements.
If you are taking it in capsule form then one or two 500mg capsule three times per day with an equal amount of black pepper could be considered sufficient.
As an added benefit wash it down with Green Tea which contains Quercetin and the Catechin Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG).
A clinical trial in France [8] was conducted to determine the suitable dosage to treat advanced or metastatic breast cancer.
It was determined that the recommended Curcumin dosage per day is 6000mg for 7 consecutive days, every 3 weeks. (along with standard docetaxel (chemotherapy) treatment)
If you don’t like the taste of Turmeric and prefer to take it in capsule form you can fill your own capsules and take pepper also filled in capsules at the same time. For a 500mg capsule of turmeric it would require 5mg Piperine equating to approximately 100-200mg of pepper!
♦ References
- Curcumin has been shown to inhibit the activity of cytokines and enzymes such as COX-1 and COX-2.
PMCID: PMC3011108 PMID: 21206541
.
- [2] Synthetic curcumin derivative DK1 possessed G2/M arrest and induced apoptosis through accumulation of intracellular ROS in MCF-7 breast cancer cells
PMCID: PMC5320730 PMID: 28239299
[8]Phase I dose escalation trial of docetaxel plus curcumin in patients with advanced and metastatic breast cancer
PMID: 19901561 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.9.1.10392
.
- [1] Natural anti-inflammatory agents for pain relief
Curcumin has also been suggested as a treatment for colitis, chronic neurodegenerative diseases, arthritis, and cancer. In addition, it regulates the activity of several enzymes and cytokines by inhibiting both COX-1 and COX-2. Most studies to date have been performed in animals, but given the centuries of use of curcumin, as well as its now demonstrated activity in the NF-kB, COX-1, and COX-2 inflammatory pathways, it may be considered a viable natural alternative to nonsteroidal agents for the treatment of inflammation.
PMID: 21206541 PMCID: PMC3011108 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.73804
.
- [3] Curcumin has been found to suppress initiation, progression, and metastasis of a variety of tumors. These anti-cancer effects are predominantly mediated through its negative regulation of various transcription factors, growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, protein kinases, and other oncogenic molecules. It also abrogates proliferation of cancer cells by arresting them at different phases of the cell cycle and/or by inducing their apoptosis.
PMID: 25665066 PMCID: PMC6272781 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022728
.
- [4] Curcumin inhibits cancer stem cell phenotypes in ex vivo models of colorectal liver metastases
PMID: 25979230
.
- [5] Values for serum and salivary vitamins C and E showed a significant decrease in oral leukoplakia, submucous fibrosis and lichen planus, in contrast to healthy individuals, but increased significantly in all groups subsequent to curcumin administration after clinical cure of lesions. Based on these results, we can conclude that curcumin mediates its anti-pre-cancer activities by increasing levels of vitamins C and E, and preventing lipid peroxidation and DNA damage.
J Oral Sci. 2010;52(2):251-6. PMID: 20587949
.
- [6] No toxicities were observed.
Curcumin down-regulated expression of NF-kappaB, cyclooxygenase-2, and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients (most of whom had baseline levels considerably higher than those found in healthy volunteers).
Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Jul 15;14(14):4491-9. PMID: 18628464
.
- [7] Curcumin, a plant-derived natural polyphenol, could be a promising anti-cancer drug
Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2010 Sep 22. Epub 2010 Sep 22. PMID: 20859741
.
- [8] Values for serum and salivary vitamins C and E showed a significant decrease in oral leukoplakia, submucous fibrosis and lichen planus, in contrast to healthy individuals, but increased significantly in all groups subsequent to curcumin administration after clinical cure of lesions. Based on these results, we can conclude that curcumin mediates its anti-pre-cancer activities by increasing levels of vitamins C and E, and preventing lipid peroxidation and DNA damage.
J Oral Sci. 2010;52(2):251-6. PMID: 20587949
.
- [10] Effect on pro-inflammatory and antioxidant genes and bioavailable distribution of whole turmeric vs curcumin: Similar root but different effects:
Whereas turmeric diet increases the levels of IL-6 (1.9-fold, p=0.05), iNOS (4.39-fold, p=0.02), IL-8 (3.11-fold, p=0.04), and COX-2 (2.02-fold, p=0.05), suggesting that turmeric either was more bioavailable or had more effect on pro-inflammatory genes compare to curcumin diet.
PMID: 22079310 PMCID: PMC3267883 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.070
. - The role of turmerones on curcumin transportation and P-glycoprotein activities in intestinal Caco-2 cells:
Results showed that in the presence of α- and aromatic turmerones, the amount of curcumin transported into the Caco-2 cells in 2 hours was significantly increased.
PMID: 22181075 PMCID: PMC3282471 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.1845
.
- [9]Investigation of the effects of solid lipid curcumin on cognition and mood in a healthy older population
Curcumin may inhibit amyloid pathology (a type of degenerative brain plaque found in Alzheimer's disease)
• Protects against oxidative stress
• Reduces inflammation
• Neuroprotective, promotes neurogenesis and neuroplasticity
• Improves the functioning of neurotrasmitter systems
The study involving 60 healthy adults found that a single dose of 400 mg of a solid curcumin formulation resulted only one hour later in significantly improved performance on sustained attention and working memory tasks, compared with placebo.
- [11] Curcumin may provide great potential effects against diabetic kidney disease.
Results: Five RCTs involving 290 participants with DKD were included. Curcumin supplementation significantly improved the serum creatinine
2021 ;2021:6109406. Epub 2021 Dec 2. PMID
.
- [12] Use of curcumin in achieving clinical and endoscopic remission in ulcerative colitis.
CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates higher clinical remission rates when curcumin was used in combination with mesalamine to achieve remission in patients with UC. Curcumin, due to its cost effectiveness and safer side effect profile, can decrease the healthcare burden and morbidity associated with this relapsing and remitting disease.
Am J Med Sci. 2018 10 ;356(4):350-356. PMID: 30360803
.
- [13] A complex of curcumin and phosphatidylcholine is effective in reducing the symptoms of ostearthritis.
Significant improvements of both the clinical and biochemical end points were observed for Meriva (commercial Curcumin Product) compared to the control group. This, coupled with an excellent tolerability, suggests that Meriva is worth considering for the long-term complementary management of osteoarthritis.
Altern Med Rev. 2010 Dec;15(4):337-44. PMID: 21194249
. - A polyherbal cream application of curcumin had a HPV clearance rate of 81.3%.
Clearance of cervical human papillomavirus infection by topical application of curcumin and curcumin containing polyherbal cream: a phase II randomized controlled study.
HPV clearance rate in Basant arm (87.7%) was significantly higher than the combined placebo arms
2013 ;14(10):5753-9. PMID: 24289574
.
- [14] Curcumin has value as an add=on therapy in patients with bronchial asthma.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results showed that curcumin capsules help in improving the airway obstruction which was evident by significant improvement in the mean FEV1 values. There was also significant improvement in the hematological parameters and absence of any clinically significant adverse events indicates dependable safety profile of curcumin capsules
.
- [15] Curcumin attenuates allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in sensitized guinea pigs.
Curcumin (20 mg/kg body weight) treatment significantly inhibits OVA-induced airway constriction (p<0.0399) and airway hyperreactivity (p<0.0043). The results demonstrate that curcumin is effective in improving the impaired airways features in the OVA-sensitized guinea pigs.
2003 Jul;26(7):1021-4. PMID: 12843631
.
- [16] Curcumin reduces lung inflammation via Wnt/β-catenin signaling in mouse model of asthma.
CONCLUSIONS: Curcumin could influence the morphology and function of DCs, ease asthma symptom and inflammatory reaction through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. These results provide new evidence new evidence for application of curcumin on asthma.
J Asthma. 2017 May ;54(4):335-340. Epub 2016 Aug 15. PMID: 27715343
.
- [17] Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory potential of curcumin for the treatment of allergic asthma.
In conclusion, curcumin significantly ameliorated allergic asthma. The anti-asthmatic effect might be attributed to the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and elevation of aquaporin expression levels, suggesting further studies and clinical trials to establish its candidature in the treatment of allergic asthma.
Inflammation. 2019 Dec ;42(6):2037-2047. PMID: 31407145
.
- [18] Curcuma longa (turmeric) and tinospora cordifolia (guduchi) prevents antibiotic-induced liver damage in patients with tubercolosis.
CONCLUSION: The herbal formulation prevented hepatotoxicity significantly and improved the disease outcome as well as patient compliance without any toxicity or side effects.
PMID: 18720535
.
- [19] Curcumin alleviates ethanol-induced oxidative damage in liver cells.
CONCLUSIONS: Curcumin exerts hepatoprotective properties against ethanol involving HO-1 induction, which provide new insights into the pharmacological targets of curcumin in the prevention of alcoholic liver disease.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Jan 18. Epub 2010 Jan 18. PMID: 20080166
.
- [20] Curcumin improved quality of life in liver cirrhotic patients.
CONCLUSIONS: Curcumin improved QoL in liver cirrhotic patients according to CLDQ, LDSI 2.0, and SF-36 domains.
Complement Ther Med. 2020 Mar ;49:102351. Epub 2020 Feb 19. PMID: 32147077
.
- [21] Short term curcumin intervention ablates diabetic kidney disease progress with activating Nrf2 anti-oxidative system and anti-inflammatory efficacies in patients with T2DM.
In addition, curcumin reduced plasma MDA level with enhanced the Nrf2 system specifically regulated protein, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1) together with other anti-oxidative enzymes in patients' blood lymphocytes. Furthermore, we observed reduced plasma LPS content and increased IκB, an inhibitory protein on inflammatory signaling in patient's lymphocytes after curcumin administration. Finally, several gut bacterials important for maintaining gut barrier integrity and function were upregulated by curcumin.In conclusion, short-term curcumin intervention ablates DKD progress with activating Nrf2 anti-oxidative system and anti-inflammatory efficacies in patients with T2DM.
Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2015 Jun ;123(6):360-7. Epub 2015 Apr 14. PMID: 25875220
.
- [22] Curcumin induces programmed cell death and inhibits proinflammatory prostaglandin E2 production in synovial fibroblasts of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Curcumin-induced apoptosis was also associated with the proteolytic activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9, and the concomitant degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase protein. Furthermore, curcumin decreased the expression levels of the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 mRNA and protein without causing significant changes in the COX-1 levels, which was correlated with the inhibition of prostaglandin E(2) synthesis.
Int J Mol Med. 2007 Sep;20(3):365-72. PMID: 17671742
- [23] Curcumin and Cancer Cells: How Many Ways Can Curry Kill Tumor Cells Selectively?
How curcumin kills tumor cells is the focus of this review. We show that curcumin modulates growth of tumor cells through regulation of multiple cell signaling pathways including cell proliferation pathway (cyclin D1, c-myc), cell survival pathway (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, cFLIP, XIAP, c-IAP1), caspase activation pathway (caspase-8, 3, 9), tumor suppressor pathway (p53, p21) death receptor pathway (DR4, DR5), mitochondrial pathways, and protein kinase pathway (JNK, Akt, and AMPK). How curcumin selectively kills tumor cells, and not normal cells, is also described in detail.
PMCID: PMC2758121 PMID: 19590964
______________________________________
Green Tea
♦ As with all other herbs traditionally used for treatments and prophylactics, green tea is well known for its anti-cancer properties.
Epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG, is the ‘active ingredient in green tea, which the pharmaceutical industry belatedly identified as providing therapeutic and prophylactic properties against diseases.
• Scientific studies which explored Green tea's efficacy in treating a variety of conditions:
- All Cause Mortality/Longevity [23]
- Arthritis/Rheumatoid Arthritis [14]
- Atherosclerosis [5]
- Cancer[1][2][3][4][11]
- Cardiovascular Disease [6][7][11]
- Diabetes [18][19][23]
- DNA Damage [20]
- Environmental Toxicity [15]
- Gallstones [25][26]
- High Blood Pressure, Hypertension [9]
- High Cholesterol [7][9][12]
- Heart Disease [5][7]
- Influenza, Immune System [21]
- Liver Disease [8][10]
- Lung Cancer, smoking induced [17]
- Obesity[12][22]
- Pneumonia, death from [16]
- Stroke [24]
- [1] Flavonoids activated caspases for apoptosis in human glioblastoma T98G and U87MG cells but not in human normal astrocytes.
Conclusions: Results strongly suggest that flavonoids are potential therapeutic agents for induction of apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells.
PMID: 19894226 PMCID: PMC3159962 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24699
- [2] Targeting CWR22Rv1 prostate cancer cell proliferation and gene expression by combinations of the phytochemicals EGCG, genistein and quercetin
These results demonstrate the feasibility of developing a diet-based combinatorial approach for CaP prevention and treatment and raise the possibility that serum added to culture medium might affect uptake, bioavailability and biological efficacy of dietary phytochemicals.
PMID: 19846946 PMCID: PMC3641843
.
- [3] Induction of apoptosis in human bladder cancer cells by green tea catechins
Cell culture and animal studies have demonstrated strong chemopreventative effects of green tea and its associated polyphenols in multiple cancers, though the exact mechanisms of action are not well understood.
PMID: 19729851 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.30.207
- [4] Mechanisms of cancer prevention by tea constituents
Consumption of tea (Camellia sinensis) has been suggested to prevent cancer, heart disease and other diseases. Animal studies have shown that tea and tea constituents inhibit carcinogenesis of the skin, lung, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, liver, prostate and other organs. In some studies, the inhibition correlated with an increase in tumor cell apoptosis and a decrease in cell proliferation. Studies with human cancer cell lines have demonstrated that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major tea polyphenol, inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinases, cyclin-dependent kinases, growth factor-related cell signaling, activation of activator protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB), topoisomerase I and matrix metalloproteinases as well as other potential targets.
PMID: 14519824 DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.10.3262S
[5] Systematic review of green tea epigallocatechin gallate in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of humans.
We concluded that consumption of green tea EGCG resulted in a significant reduction of LDL-C at any baseline level and any dose between 107 and 856 mg/d, and the effect size was slightly dependent on the baseline lipid level of the subjects.
Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2016 Jun 20:1-8. Epub 2016 Jun 20. PMID: 27324590
[6] Green and black tea for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
The limited evidence suggests that tea has favourable effects on CVD (Cardiovascular Disease) risk factors
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 18(6):CD009934. Epub 2013 Jun 18. PMID: 23780706
[7] Green tea intake lowers fasting serum total and LDL cholesterol in adults: a meta-analysis of 14 randomized controlled trials.
Green tea consumption significantly lowered the TC concentration by 7.20 mg/dL (95% CI: -8.19, -6.21 mg/dL; P<0.001) and significantly lowered the LDL-cholesterol (‘bad’ cholesterol) concentration by 2.19 mg/dL (95% CI: -3.16, -1.21 mg/dL; P<0.001).
The analysis of eligible studies showed that the administration of green tea beverages or extracts resulted in significant reductions in serum TC and LDL-cholesterol concentrations, but no effect on HDL cholesterol (‘good’ cholesterol) was observed.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Aug ;94(2):601-10. Epub 2011 Jun 29. PMID: 21715508
[8] The effect of green tea intake on risk of liver disease: a meta analysis.
RESULTS: Meta-analysis revealed that among green tea drinkers, there was a significant reduction in the risk of liver disease (RR=0.68, 95% CI=0.56-0.82, P=0.000). This trend extends to a broad spectrum of liver conditions including hepatocellular carcinoma (RR=0.74, 95% CI=0.56-0.97, P=0.027), liver steatosis (RR=0.65, 95% CI=0.44-0.98, P=0.039), hepatitis (RR=0.57, 95% CI=0.45-0.73, P=0.000), liver cirrhosis (RR=0.56, 95% CI=0.31-1.01, P=0.053) and chronic liver disease (RR=0.49, 95% CI=0.29-0.82, P=0.007). This trend is also observed regardless of the race of the individual concerned where the Asian, American and European subgroups all demonstrated a reduced risk of liver disease.
CONCLUSIONS: Green tea intake reduces the risk of liver disease. However, more long term randomized clinical trials are needed to comprehensively evaluate the health benefits of green tea.
Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(6):8339-8346. Epub 2015 Jun 15. PMID: 26309486
[9] The effect of green tea on blood pressure and lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.
A meta-analysis revealed a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure favouring green tea (MD: -1.94 mmHg; 95% CI: -2.95 to -0.93; I(2) = 8%; p = 0.0002).
Similar results were also observed for total cholesterol (MD: -0.13 mmol/l; 95% CI: -0.2 to -0.07; I(2) = 8%; p<0.0001) and LDL cholesterol (MD: -0.19 mmol/l; 95% CI: -0.3 to -0.09; I(2) = 70%; p = 0.0004).
Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014 Aug ;24(8):823-36. Epub 2014 Jan 31. PMID: 24675010
[10] Green Tea Consumption and the Risk of Liver Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.
The summary relative risk for the highest consumption (≥5 cups/day) of green tea on liver cancer incidence compared with nondrinkers was 0.62 (95% confidence interval: 0.49-0.79)
The downward trend was most obvious when the consumption of green tea increased up to about 4 cups/day.
Nutr Cancer. 2017 Jan 17:1-10. Epub 2017 Jan 17. PMID: 28095030
[GT11] Tea consumption and mortality of all cancers, CVD and all causes: a meta-analysis of eighteen prospective cohort studies.
For all cancer mortality, the summary RR for the highest v. lowest category of green tea and black tea consumption were 1•06 (95 % CI 0•98, 1•15) and 0•79 (95 % CI 0•65, 0•97), respectively.
For CVD mortality, the summary RR for the highest v. lowest category of green tea and black tea consumption were 0•67 (95 % CI 0•46, 0•96) and 0•88 (95 % CI 0•77, 1•01), respectively.
For all-cause mortality, the summary RR for the highest v. lowest category of green tea and black tea consumption were 0•80 (95 % CI 0•68, 0•93) and 0•90 (95 % CI 0•83, 0•98), respectively.
The dose-response analysis indicated that one cup per day increment of green tea consumption was associated with 5 % lower risk of CVD mortality and with 4 % lower risk of all-cause mortality.
Green tea consumption was significantly inversely associated with CVD and all-cause mortality, whereas black tea consumption was significantly inversely associated with all cancer and all-cause mortality.
Br J Nutr. 2015 Jul 23:1-11. Epub 2015 Jul 23. PMID: 26202661
[12] Effects of green tea on lipid metabolism in overweight or obese people: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
The pooled results demonstrated that green tea significantly decreased plasma total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels in overweight or obese people.
CONCLUSIONS: The meta-analysis shows that drinking green tea can lower plasma TC and LDL levels significantly.
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2017 Jun 21. Epub 2017 Jun 21. PMID: 28636182
[13] Tea consumption and the risk of ovarian cancer: A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies.
We found that tea consumption had a significant protective effect against ovarian cancer (relative risk [RR] = 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.76, 0.96).
In conclusion, our meta-analysis showed an inverse association between tea consumption and ovarian cancer risk.
Oncotarget. 2017 Jun 6 ;8(23):37796-37806. PMID: 28445129
[14] The impact of dietary habits on the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: a case-control study.
The associations between rheumatoid arthritis development and variables including drinking 1-7 cups of coffee (OR = .44, CI .25-.76), ≥ 8 cups of coffee (OR = .50, CI .28-.90), full-fat milk (OR = 1.01, CI 1.003-1.03) per month, and intake of green tea (OR = .65, CI .45-.93) and solid oils (OR = 2.29, CI:1.57-3.34) were significant.
Based on the findings, coffee consumption more than one cup per month and green tea might have preventive effects on developing rheumatoid arthritis.
On the other hand, patients who consumed more full-fat milk per month and solid oil might be at risk of development of rheumatoid arthritis.
Clin Rheumatol. 2018 May 22. Epub 2018 May 22. PMID: 29790108
[15] Green tea attenuates benzene-induced oxidative stress in pump workers.
These studies demonstrate that drinking green tea during benzene exposure can reduce several parameters indicative of oxidative stress.
As such, as a dietary supplement, green tea could represent a potential therapeutic agent in reducing certain aspects of benzene-induced toxicity.
J Immunotoxicol. 2008 Jan;5(1):69-80. PMID: 18382860
[16] Green tea and death from pneumonia in Japan: the Ohsaki cohort study.
In women, the multivariate HRs of death from pneumonia that were associated with different frequencies of green tea consumption were
• 1.00 (reference) for<1 cup/day,
• 0.59 (95% CI: 0.36, 0.98) for 1-2 cups/d,
• 0.55 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.91) for 3-4 cups/d,
and
• 0.53 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.83) for ≥ 5 cups/day,
respectively (P for trend: 0.008).
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Sep;90(3):672-9. Epub 2009 Jul 22. PMID: 19625686
[17] Smoking, green tea consumption, genetic polymorphisms in the insulin-like growth factors and lung cancer risk.
...an elevated risk was observed in smokers who never drank green tea, as compared to smokers who drank green tea more than one cup per day (odds ratio (OR) = 13.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.96-58.51).
Among green tea drinkers who drank more than one cup per day ... had a significantly reduced risk of lung cancer (OR = 0.06, 95% CI = 0.01-0.44).
PLoS One. 2012 ;7(2):e30951. Epub 2012 Feb 7. PMID: 22347413
[18] The use of green tea polyphenols for treating residual albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy: A double-blind randomised clinical trial.
Treatment with GTP (green tea polyphenols) reduced UACR by 41%, while the placebo group saw a 2% increase in UACR (p = 0.019)
Sci Rep. 2016 ;6:28282. Epub 2016 Jun 20. PMID: 27320846
- [19] Habitual tea drinking associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes in Vietnamese adults.
After accounting for confounding factors, increasing tea consumption was found to be associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes;
the adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was 0.66 (0.49, 0.89) for participants drinking >2 cups/day, relative to those drinking <1 cup/day.
CONCLUSIONS: Habitual tea consumption is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes among Vietnamese adults.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2018 ;27(3):701-706. PMID: 29737820
- [20]Redox-linked effects of green tea on DNA damage and repair, and influence of microsatellite polymorphism in HMOX-1: results of a human intervention trial.
Green tea is clearly associated with lowered DNA damage, increased hOGG1 activity and higher HMOX-1 protein levels.
Mutagenesis. 2015 Jan ;30(1):129-37. PMID: 25527735
- [21] Specific formulation of Camellia sinensis prevents cold and flu symptoms and enhances gamma, delta T cell function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
RESULTS: Among subjects taking CSF (Camellia Sinensis Formulation/Green Tea) there were 32.1% fewer subjects with symptoms (P = 0.035), 22.9% fewer overall illnesses of at least 2 days duration (P = 0.092), and 35.6% fewer symptom days (P < 0.002), compared to subjects taking placebo.
CONCLUSIONS: This proprietary formulation of CSF is a safe and effective dietary supplement for preventing cold and flu symptoms, and for enhancing gammadelta T cell function.
J Am Coll Nutr. 2007 Oct;26(5):445-52. PMID: 17914132
[22] Therapeutic effect of high-dose green tea extract on weight reduction: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
CONCLUSION: 12 weeks of treatment with high-dose green tea extract resulted in significant weight loss, reduced waist circumference, and a consistent decrease in total cholesterol and LDL plasma levels without any side effects or adverse effects in women with central obesity.
Clin Nutr. 2015 May 29. Epub 2015 May 29. PMID: 26093535
[23] Additive effects of green tea and coffee on all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Fukuoka Diabetes Registry.
RESULTS: During the follow-up period, 309 participants died.
The consumption of green tea, coffee, and a combination of the beverages was associated with reduced all-cause mortality.
Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) for green tea were as follows:
none 1.0 (referent);
• 0.85 (0.60-1.22) for ≤1 cup/day;
• 0.73 (0.51-1.03) for 2-3 cups/day;
• 0.60 (0.42-0.85) for ≥4 cups/day;
and P for trend, 0.002.
CONCLUSIONS: Higher consumption of green tea and coffee was associated with reduced all-cause mortality: their combined effect appeared to be additive in patients with type 2 diabetes.
BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020 10 ;8(1). PMID: 33087342
[24] Association between Green Tea Consumption and Risk of Stroke in Middle-Aged and Older Korean Men: The Health Examinees (HEXA) Study.
Compared with green tea non-drinkers, individuals that consumed 1 to <3 cups/d or ≥3 cups/d of green tea had multivariable adjusted OR (CI) of stroke of 0.75 (0.59~0.97) and 0.62 (0.39~0.98), respectively, after adjusting for age and various confounders.
In the subgroup analyses, an inverse association between green tea consumption and risk of stroke was identified among younger, non-hypertensive, and non-diabetic men.
Higher consumption of green tea was inversely associated with stroke risk in middle-aged and older Korean men.
Prev Nutr Food Sci. 2019 Mar ;24(1):24-31. Epub 2019 Mar 31. PMID: 31008093
[25] Moderate, but not heavy, tea drinking decreased the associated risk of gallstones in a Taiwanese population.
In multivariate analysis, the inverse relationship between tea drinking habit and gallstones was significant (OR = 0.807; 95% CI = 0.685-0.951, p = 0.010).
Daily consumption of
• 1-240 ml (OR = 0.741; 95% CI = 0.584-0.941, p = 0.014),
but not ≥240 ml, was associated with reduced risk of gallstones.
In addition, the
• 1-19 cup-year group had significantly lower associated risk of gallstones (OR = 0.677; 95% CI = 0.534-0.857, p = 0.001), while the ≥19 cup-year group did not.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2018 Aug 22. Epub 2018 Aug 22. PMID: 30135551
[26] Tea consumption and risk of biliary tract cancers and gallstone disease: a population-based case-control study in Shanghai, China
RESULTS: Compared with tea non-drinkers, current tea consumption was inversely associated with risk of gallbladder cancer, extrahepatic bile duct cancer and gallstone disease among females with OR of 0.57 (95% CI: 0.34-0.96), 0.53 (95% CI: 0.27-1.03) and 0.71 (95% CI: 0.51-0.99), respectively.
Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2005 Nov;27(11):667-71. PMID: 16438888
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Green Vegetables
♦ Brassica/Cruciferous Vegetables and other varieties
Green Vegetables are an essential part of every healthy diet, providing Vitamins, Enzymes, Chlorophyll, Minerals, Protein and Fiber; all essential nutrients and components for smooth digestion and good health.
Modern science has isolated molecules which they deem to display pharmacological properties:
• Sulforaphane, Quercetin and Indole-3-carbinol (I3C): found in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, kale, mustard greens, etc.
• Diindolylmethane (DIM) is a digestion derivative of indole-3-carbinol via condensation formed in the acidic environment of the stomach.
Other compounds isolated and studied are;
Kaempferol isolated from tea, broccoli and grapefruit
Lycopene isolated from tomato
Phenethyl Isothiocyanate (PEITC) from cruciferous vegetable
Rosmarinic acid from rosemary
Resveratrol from grapes
Triterpenoids from wax-like coatings of fruits and medicinal herbs
also epicatechin, catechin etc.
But as always, simply consuming the whole vegetable provides the real health benefits through the synergy of a huge variety of beneficial molecules and compounds.
Brassica/Cruciferous vegetables:
Bok choy, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cauliflower, chinese cabbage, collard greens, kale, kohlrabi, mustard greens, radishes, turnips, watercress.
Also spinach is a very healthy vegetable.
♦ The following is a small selection of scientific studies exploring the efficacy of molecules derived from green vegetables in the treatment of:
- Bladder Cancer [7]
- Breast Cancer [6][8]
- Cancer [1]
- Cardiovascular Disease [2]
- Colon Cancer [3]
- Diabetes, Type 2 [13]
- Glaucoma [14]
- Kidney Cancer [10]
- Leukemia [4]
- Liver Cancer [5]
- Liver Disease [12]
- Lung Cancer [15]
- Prostate Cancer [9]
- [1] Targets for indole-3-carbinol in cancer prevention
Mounting preclinical and clinical evidence indicate that indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a key bioactive food component in cruciferous vegetables, has multiple anticarcinogenic and antitumorigenic properties.
Increased vegetable intake is linked to a reduction in the risk of acquiring several types of cancers
Within this food group, enhanced consumption of cruciferous vegetables (e.g., broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, bok choy and Brussels spouts) surfaces as a factor associated with a reduction in cancers particularly in the colon, lung, prostate, cervix and breast
Nutritional Science Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- [2] The effect of green leafy and cruciferous vegetable intake on the incidence of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis.
The overall effect size (random effect model) was: RR = 0.842 (95% CI = 0.753 to 0.941), p = 0.002, which indicates a significant 15.8% reduced incidence of cardiovascular disease.
JRSM Cardiovasc Dis. 2016 Jan-Dec;5:2048004016661435. Epub 2016 Aug 1. PMID: 27540481
- [3] Sulforaphane, a Chemopreventive Compound, Inhibits Cyclooxygenase-2 and Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1 Expression in Human HT-29 Colon Cancer Cells.
BACKGROUND: A high expression of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is found in colorectal cancer. Therefore, blocking of PGE2 generation has been identified as a promising approach for anticancer therapy.
Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate derived from glucosinolate, is used as the antioxidant and anticancer agents.
CONCLUSIONS: SFN anticancer effects are associated with antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, and antimetastatic activities arising from the downregulation of the COX-2/ mPGES-1 axis.
Cells Tissues Organs. 2018 ;206(1-2):46-53. Epub 2018 Jul 24. PMID: 30041241
- [4] Sulforaphane Modulates AQP8-Linked Redox Signalling in Leukemia Cells.
Sulforaphane, a biologically active isothiocyanate compound extracted from cruciferous vegetables, has been shown to exert cytotoxic effects on many human cancer cells, including leukemia.
Results indicated that sulforaphane inhibited both aquaporin-8 and Nox2 expression, thus decreasing B1647 cells viability. Moreover, the data obtained by coimmunoprecipitation technique demonstrated that these two proteins are linked to each other; thus, sulforaphane has an important role in modulating the downstream events triggered by the axis Nox2-aquaporin-8.
Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018 ;2018:4125297. Epub 2018 Nov 18. PMID: 30581529
- [5] Induction of Apoptosis and Cytotoxicity by Isothiocyanate Sulforaphene in Human Hepatocarcinoma HepG2 Cells.
Glucoraphenin, a glucosinolate present in large quantities in radish is hydrolysed by myrosinase to form the isothiocyanate sulforaphene, which is believed to be responsible for its chemopreventive activity;
Morphological studies indicated that sulforaphene stimulated apoptosis as exemplified by cell shrinkage, blebbing, chromatin condensation, and nuclear fragmentation.
Nutrients. 2018 Jun 4 ;10(6). Epub 2018 Jun 4. PMID: 29866995
- [6] Broccoli and watercress suppress matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity and invasiveness of human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.
A high dietary intake of cruciferous vegetables has been associated with a reduction in numerous human pathologies particularly cancer.
In the current study, we examined the inhibitory effects of broccoli.
Taken together, our data indicate that isothiocyanates derived form broccoli and Rorripa inhibit metalloproteinase 9 activities and also suppress the invasive potential of human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in vitro. The inhibitory effects observed in the current study may contribute to the suppression of carcinogenesis by diets high in cruciferous vegetables.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005 Dec 1 ;209(2):105-13. Epub 2005 Jun 13. PMID: 15953625
- [7] Inhibition of bladder cancer by broccoli isothiocyanates sulforaphane and erucin: Characterization, metabolism, and interconversion.
In a murine UMUC3 xenograft model, we fed semipurified diets containing 4% broccoli sprouts, or 2% broccoli sprout isothiocyanate extract; or gavaged pure sulforaphane or erucin (each at 295 μmol/kg, similar to dietary exposure); and report tumor weight reduction of 42% (p = 0.02), 42% (p = 0.04), 33% (p = 0.04), and 58% (p<0.0001), respectively.
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2012 Nov ;56(11):1675-87. Epub 2012 Oct 5. PMID: 23038615
- [8] Prevention of mammary carcinogenesis in MMTV-neu mice by cruciferous vegetable constituent benzyl isothiocyanate.
Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), a constituent of edible cruciferous vegetables, inhibits growth of human breast cancer cells in culture.
Apoptotic bodies in the mammary tumor were higher by about 2- to 2.5-fold in the 1 and 3 mmol BITC treatment groups (P<0.05) compared with control group.
Cancer Res. 2009 Dec 15;69(24):9473-80. PMID: 19934325
- [9] Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of broccoli sprouts on the suppression of prostate cancer in transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice: implication of induction of Nrf2, HO-1 and apoptosis and the suppression of Akt-dependent kinase pathway.
RESULTS: SFN (sulforaphane) was readily released and conjugated with GSH in the rats after oral administration of broccoli sprouts. TRAMP mice fed with 240 mg broccoli sprouts/mouse/day exhibited a significant retardation of prostate tumor growth.
Pharm Res. 2009 Oct;26(10):2324-31. Epub 2009 Aug 8. PMID: 19669099
- [10] Fruits, vegetables and risk of renal cell carcinoma: a prospective study of Swedish women.
Women consuming 5 or more servings of fruit and vegetables daily had a relative risk of 0.59 (95% CI = 0.26-1.34) in comparison to them consuming less than once daily.
Frequent consumption of salad vegetables (once or more per day) decreased the risk by 40% (RR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.30-1.22), in comparison to no consumption.
Int J Cancer. 2005 Jan 20;113(3):451-5. PMID: 15455348
- [11] Effect of feeding Murraya koeingii and Brassica juncea (Mustard Green) diet on [correction] kidney functions and glucose levels in streptozotocin diabetic mice.
Serum glucose levels, body weight, urine volume, serum creatinine, and urinary albumin (UAE) levels were monitored on day 0, 10, 25, 40, and 70 of the experiment.
After 60 days of STZ administration, urine volume per day and UAE levels were significantly higher (P<0.0005) in diabetic controls (DC) as compared to normal controls (NC).
J Ethnopharmacol. 2003 Mar;85(1):1-5. PMID: 12576195
- [12] Ameliorative Effect of Spinach on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced in Rats by a High-Fat Diet.
The consumption of spinach and the accumulation of α and β carotenes and lutein in the liver was inversely correlated with serum total cholesterol and glucose and the content of hepatic cholesterol, increasing monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and reducing cholesterol in the livers of rats fed diet H and spinach.
Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Apr 3 ;20(7). Epub 2019 Apr 3. PMID: 30987167
- [13] Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.
For green leafy vegetables, the summary relative risk of type 2 diabetes for an increase of 0.2 serving consumed/day was 0.87 (95% CI 0.81 to 0.93) without heterogeneity among studies (p=0.496, I(2)=0%).
Higher fruit or green leafy vegetables intake is associated with a significantly reduced risk of type 2 diabetes.
BMJ Open. 2014 ;4(11):e005497. Epub 2014 Nov 5. PMID: 25377009
- [14] Glaucoma risk and the consumption of fruits and vegetables among older women in the study of osteoporotic fractures.
The relationship between selected fruit and vegetable consumption and glaucoma was investigated using adjusted logistic regression models.
RESULTS: Among 1,155 women, 95 (8.2%) were diagnosed with glaucoma.
In adjusted analysis, the odds of glaucoma risk were decreased by 69% (odds ratio [OR], 0.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11 to 0.91) in women who consumed at least one serving per month of green collards and kale compared with those who consumed fewer than one serving per month, by 64% (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.77) in women who consumed more than two servings per week of carrots compared with those who consumed fewer than one serving per week, and by 47% (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.29 to 0.97) in women who consumed at least one serving per week of canned or dried peaches compared with those who consumed fewer than one serving per month. CONCLUSIONS: A higher intake of certain fruits and vegetables may be associated with a decreased risk of glaucoma. More studies are needed to investigate this relationship.
Am J Ophthalmol. 2008 Jun;145(6):1081-9. Epub 2008 Mar 20. PMID: 18355790
- [15] Dietary flavonoid intake and lung cancer--a population-based case-control study
Results: Lung cancer was associated inversely with the consumption of epicatechin (in 10 mg per day increment: OR, 0.64; 95% CL, 0.46-0.88), catechin (4 mg per day increment:
OR, 0.49; 95% CL, 0.35-0.70), quercetin (9 mg per day increment: OR, 0.65; 95% CL, 0.44-0.95), and kaempferol (2 mg per day increment: OR, 0.68; 95% CL, 0.51-0.90) among tobacco smokers.
Conclusions:
Certain flavonoid compounds, including epicatechin, catechin, quercetin, and kaempferol, were associated inversely with lung cancer among tobacco smokers
PMID: 18327817 PMCID: PMC5546301 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23398
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Sesame
♦ Sesame and its health benefits as evidenced by numerous studies.
Sesame has traditionally used been used for its excellent health benefits; prophylactic, therapeutic and cosmetic!
• Amongst the multiple benefits it has traditionally been used to:
Aid wound healing and avoid scar tissue, alleviate and treat arthritis and arthritic pain, treat itchy scalp, dry hair and improve hair health and give it more luster and shine.
It has been used as a sunscreen, as an anti-aging anti-cancer agent, treat diabetes and improve overall health due to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
♦ Scientific studies confirming the efficacy of Sesame for various conditions:
Please note that this is a small selection of studies, for every study cited there are many more confirming the same or similar outcomes.
- Ageing, prevention & slowing [22]
- Atherosclerosis [13][14]
- Cardiovascular Disease [9][13]
- Diabetes [2][7][11]
- Fatigue [15]
- Heart Attack / Mocardial Infarction [21]
- Heart Disease [1]
- Hypertension [1][10][11]
- Hypercholesterolemia [4]
- Infant growth, health & sleep [3]
- Insomnia [5][15]
- Kidney Disease [18]
- Liver Disease [8][19]
- Neuro-degenerative Disease [20]
- Osteoarthritis [6][12]
- Parkinsons Disease [17]
- Wound Healing [16]
Nutrient | content | % of RDA |
---|---|---|
Manganese | 0.76 mg | 35% |
Copper | 0.75 mg | 35% |
Calcium | 276 mg | 28% |
Iron | 4.2 mg | 23% |
Magnesium | 100 mg | 25% |
Tryptophan | 92 mg | 31% |
Zinc | 2 mg | 13% |
Fiber | 3.9 g | 16% |
Thiamin | 0.2 mg | 15% |
Vitamin B6 | 0.2 mg | 11% |
Phosphorous | 179 mg | 18% |
Protein | 4.7 g |
♦ Sesame Oil also contains the following nutrients and 'active' ingredients:
- Tocopherol
- Pinoresinol
- Sesamin
- Sesamolin
- Sesaminol
- Sesamol
- Oleic acid
- Palmitic acid
- Stearic acid
- Linoleic acid
- [1] A blend of sesame oil and rice bran oil lowers blood pressure and improves the lipid profile in mild-to-moderate hypertensive patients.
Sesame oil and rice bran oil are known for their unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants contents and have been reported to reduce the cardiovascular risk.
RESULTS:
Significant reduction in blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial) from days 0 to 15, 30, 45, and 60 were observed in hypertensives treated with sesame oil blend alone (P < .001), nifedipine alone (P < .001), and combination of sesame oil blend and nifedipine (P < .001).
CONCLUSION:
We demonstrate for the first time that using a blend of sesame oil and rice bran oil as cooking oil showed a significant antihypertensive and lipid-lowering action and had noteworthy additive effect with antihypertensive medication.
J Clin Lipidol. 2016 Mar-Apr;10(2):339-49. Epub 2015 Dec 24. PMID: 27055965
- [2] The Effects of Sesame Consumption on Glycemic Control in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trial.
In recent years, diabetes has become a global health problem that creates a tremendous economic burden for many countries.
Results:
A total of 605 studies were identified through online searching, and a total of eight RCTs representing 382 participants were included in this study.
The meta-analyses revealed that sesame consumption significantly decreases serum fasting blood sugar (FBS):
(WMD: -28.23 mg/dl; 95% CI (-39.16, -17.13), = 97.6%; 95% CI (96, 98)), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c): (WMD: -1.00%; 95% CI (-1.11, -0.88), = 0%; 95% CI (0, 79)) as compared to the control group.
Conclusion:
This study provides evidence of the hypoglycemic effects of sesame consumption, particularly in diabetic patients.
Additional RCTs on sesame and its preparations should be conducted in different populations to increase generalizability.
Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 ;2021:2873534. Epub 2021 Oct 18. PMID: 34707665
- [3] Effects of massage & use of oil on growth, blood flow & sleep pattern in infants.
METHODS:
Full term born healthy infants (n = 125), 6 +/- 1 wk of age, wt > 3000 g were randomly divided into five groups.
Infants received (i) herbal oil, (ii) sesame oil, (iii) mustard oil, or (iv) mineral oil for massage daily for 4 wk. The fifth group did not receive massage and served as control.
RESULTS:
Massage improved the weight, length, and midarm and midleg circumferences as compared to infants without massage.
However, in the group with sesame oil massage, increase in length, midarm and midleg circumferences by 1.0, 0.9 and 0.7 cm, respectively was significant (P < 0.05, < 0.01 & < 0.05).
The femoral artery blood velocity, diameter and flow improved significantly by 12.6 cm/sec, 0.6 cm and 3.55 cm3/sec respectively in the group with sesame oil massage as compared to the control group. Massage improved the post massage sleep, the maximum being 1.62 h in the sesame oil group (P < 0.0001).
INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS:
Massage in infancy improves growth and post-massage sleep.
However, only sesame oil showed significant benefit.
Indian J Med Res. 2000 Dec;112:212-7. PMID: 11247199
- [4] Two Blends of Refined Rice Bran, Flaxseed, and Sesame Seed Oils Affect the Blood Lipid Profile of Chinese Adults with Borderline Hypercholesterolemia to a Similar Extent as Refined Olive Oil.
Individual vegetable oils have a characteristic fatty acids (FA) composition and unique phytonutrient profiles, enabling formulation of oil blends that may have health-promoting effects.
RESULTS:
Compared with baseline (week 0), there were significant reductions during the post-intervention time points in serum total cholesterol (-3.47%; P < 0.0001), LDL cholesterol (-4.16%; P < 0.0001), triglycerides (-10.3%; P < 0.0001), apoB (-3.93%; P < 0.0001), total to HDL-cholesterol (-3.44%; P < 0.0001) and apoB to apoA1 (-3.99%; P < 0.0001) ratios, systolic and diastolic blood pressures (-3.32% and -3.16%, respectively; both P < 0.0001), and serum glucose (-1.51%; P < 0.05) and a small but significant increase in body weight (+0.7%; P < 0.001) for all 3 intervention oils
CONCLUSIONS:
Using blended vegetable oils that are extensively consumed in Asia, this study found that specific oil blends can improve blood lipid profile and other cardiometabolic parameters, to a similar extent as refined olive oil, in Chinese adults with borderline hypercholesterolemia.
J Nutr. 2020 Dec 10 ;150(12):3141-3151. PMID: 33188423
- [5] Effects of Ayurvedic Oil-Dripping Treatment with Sesame Oil vs. with Warm Water on Sleep: A Randomized Single-Blinded Crossover Pilot Study.
Ayurvedic oil-dripping treatment (Shirodhara) is often used for treating sleep problems.
RESULTS:
SOS (sesame oil Shirodhara) improved sleep quality, as measured by PSQI.
The SOS score was 1.83 points lower (95% confidence interval [CI], -3.37 to -0.30) at 2-week follow-up and 1.73 points lower (95% CI, -3.84 to 0.38) than WWS at 6-week follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS:
This pilot study demonstrated that SOS may be a safe potential treatment to improve sleep quality and QOL in persons with sleep problems.
J Altern Complement Med. 2016 Jan ;22(1):52-8. Epub 2015 Dec 15. PMID: 26669255
- [6] Effects of sesame seed supplementation on inflammatory factors and oxidative stress biomarkers in patients with knee osteoarthritis.
Fifty patients with knee OA (Osteoarthritis) were allocated into two groups namely control and sesame group.
25 patients in the control group received 40 g placebo powder per day while 25 patients in the sesame group received 40 g of sesame seed daily during two months of study along with standard medical therapy.
In the sesame group, a significant decrease in serum MDA and hs-CRP were seen after two months of study (P<0.05).
There was a significant difference in mean serum IL-6 between two groups after treatment (P=0.001).
Sesame seed is a natural and safe substance that may have beneficial effects in patients with knee OA, and it may provide new complementary and adjunctive treatment in these patients.
Acta Med Iran. 2015 ;53(4):207-13. PMID: 25871017
- [7] Ardeh (Sesamum indicum) Could Improve Serum Triglycerides and Atherogenic Lipid Parameters in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Data suggest that sesame seeds have properties beneficial to modulating lipid disorders and decreasing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors.
Methods:
This randomized clinical trial included 41 patients with type 2 diabetes, who were randomly assigned to one of the two groups: group A (Ardeh 28 g/d, n = 21) and group B (control, n = 20).
After an initial two-week washout period, the patients in group A, replaced a part of their usual breakfast with two tablespoon (tbsp) (~ 28 g) Ardeh, while group B patients continued the usual breakfast meal for six weeks; energy content of both breakfast meals was maintained in the same range.
Results:
After six weeks, there were significant decreases in serum TG (15.3 mg/dL) and AIP (39 %) in group A.
Moreover, slight decreases in serum TC, LDL-C, and other atherogenic lipid parameters and a mild increase in HDL-C also were observed during Ardeh supplementation.
Conclusion:
Ardeh could have favorable effects in decreasing CVD risk factors in type 2 diabetics.
PMID: 24206407
- [8] Evaluation on the combined effect of Sesamin and Schisandra extract on blood fluidity.
Several studies have demonstrated a link between blood viscosity and various forms of liver dysfunction.
Therefore, we investigated the effect of liver protective herbal materials, Sesamin combined with extract of Schisandra chinensis berry (Schisandra) for its potential to improve blood fluidity in humans.
No safety concern and adverse effects were observed during the 2-week continuous intake period.
Intake of SCH reduced blood passage time by 9.0% and 9.7% at 1 and 2 weeks, respectively.
In conclusion, this pilot clinical study indicates that the combined administration of sesamin with schisandra extract could improve blood fluidity after 1 week of oral intake and this effect was sustained up to 2 weeks.
Bioinformation. 2008 Jan 27;2(6):249-52. PMID: 18317575
- [9] Effect of Sesamin Supplementation on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disease with increased mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Oxidative stress has a critical role in the pathogenesis of RA and CVD.
Sesamin, the main lignin constituent of sesame, has several antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of sesamin supplementation on anthropometric indices, lipid profile, blood pressure, and oxidative stress markers in women with RA.
RESULTS:
At the end of study, sesamin supplementation significantly decreased serum levels of MDA (p = 0.018) and increased TAC and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ('good' cholesterol) levels in patients with RA (p = 0.020 and p = 0.007, respectively).
In the sesamin group, the mean of weight, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat, systolic blood pressure, and the concentration of other lipid profiles (triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C]) were also significantly decreased at the end of study compared to baseline values (p<0.05).
CONCLUSION:
Sesamin exhibited a protective effect on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with RA.
J Am Coll Nutr. 2016 May-Jun;35(4):300-7. Epub 2015 Jul 7. PMID: 26151734
- [10] Tahini consumption affects blood pressure and endothelial function in healthy males.
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, vitamin E, and lignans. Recent studies have highlighted the antioxidant, antihypertensive, hypolipidemic, and appetite-control properties of sesame seeds and sesame oil.
Twenty healthy men with mean age of 28 y and mean BMI of 25.81 kg/m were included. After a 12-h fast, baseline blood was collected, participants consumed 50 g of tahini, and blood collection was repeated 4 h postprandially.
Assessment of blood pressure, pulse rate, hemodynamic parameters, and endothelial function was performed at baseline and at the end of the trial.
A statistically significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.010) and pulse rate (p = 0.002) was observed 4 h after tahini consumption.
Significant increases in serum triglycerides (p < 0.001) and flow-mediated dilatation were observed (p = 0.022) 4 h postprandially.
This is the first study to report that tahini consumption can lower blood pressure and pulse rate and improve endothelial function, suggesting a healthy snack in place of others with a less desirable lipid profile.
J Hum Hypertens. 2021 Oct 27. Epub 2021 Oct 27. PMID: 34707227
- [11] A pilot study of open label sesame oil in hypertensive diabetics.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of sesame oil in hypertensive diabetics medicated with atenolol (beta-blocker) and glibenclamide (sulfonylurea).
Systolic and diastolic BP decreased remarkably.
When oil substitution was withdrawn, BP values rose again.
Body weight, body mass index, girth of waist, girth of hip, and waist: hip ratio were reduced upon substitution of sesame oil.
Plasma glucose, HbA1c, TC, LDL-C, and TG were decreased.
TBARS level was reduced, while the activities of enzymic and the levels of nonenzymic antioxidants were increased.
Plasma sodium levels were reduced, while potassium levels were elevated.
These results indicate that substitution of sesame oil as the sole edible oil has an additive effect in further lowering BP and plasma glucose in hypertensive diabetics.
J Med Food. 2006 Fall;9(3):408-12. PMID:17004907
- [12] The efficacy of topical sesame oil in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized double-blinded active-controlled non-inferiority clinical trial.
Sesame oil is an herbal product that has been used to treat the joints pain in several traditional medicines.
In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of topical sesame oil versus diclofenac gel in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA).
RESULTS:
At the follow-up visits, sesame oil was not inferior to diclofenac regarding scores of WOMAC pain, 8-meter walk test, and knee flexion angle.
CONCLUSION:
It seems that the topical sesame oil was non-inferior to diclofenac gel (topical analgesic) on the reduction of the knee OA pain and improvement of some indicators of its function.
Complement Ther Med. 2019 Dec ;47:102183. Epub 2019 Aug 22. PMID: 31780006
- [13] Anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory actions of sesame oil.
Atherosclerosis, a major form of cardiovascular disease, has now been recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease.
Nonpharmacological means of treating chronic diseases have gained attention recently. We previously reported that sesame oil has anti-atherosclerotic properties.
The sesame oil diet significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesions, plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL cholesterol levels in LDLR(-/-) mice.
Plasma inflammatory cytokines, such as MCP-1, RANTES, IL-1α, IL-6, and CXCL-16, were significantly reduced, demonstrating an anti-inflammatory property of sesame oil.
Gene array analysis showed that sesame oil induced many genes, including ABCA1, ABCA2, APOE, LCAT, and CYP7A1, which are involved in cholesterol metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport.
In conclusion, our studies suggest that a sesame oil-enriched diet could be an effective nonpharmacological treatment for atherosclerosis by controlling inflammation and regulating lipid metabolism.
J Med Food. 2015 Jan ;18(1):11-20. PMID: 25562618
- [14] Sesamin attenuates intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in vitro in TNF-alpha-treated human aortic endothelial cells and in vivo in apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice.
Sesame lignans have antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.
We focused on the effects of the lignans sesamin and sesamol on the expression of endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecules in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-treated human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs).
When HAECs were pretreated with sesamin (10 or 100 microM), the TNF-alpha-induced expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was significantly reduced (35 or 70% decrease, respectively) by Western blotting.
These results also suggest that sesamin may prevent the development of atherosclerosis and inflammatory responses.
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010 Sep ;54(9):1340-50. PMID: 20306475
- [15] Sesame Lignans and Vitamin E Supplementation Improve Subjective Statuses and Anti-Oxidative Capacity in Healthy Humans With Feelings of Daily Fatigue
For the first time, we demonstrated that the supplementation of sesame lignans (sesamin/episesamin = 1/1) with VE could significantly improve subjective fatigue-related status and anti-oxidative capacity particularly in middle-aged and elderly people experiencing feelings of daily fatigue.
These results suggest that sesame lignans with VE supplementation is safe and useful for alleviating daily fatigue and oxidative stress.
Sesamin has anti-oxidative functions in vivo.
Fatigue is caused in part by oxidative stress.
We evaluated whether sesame lignans (sesamin/episesamin = 1/1, 10 mg) with vitamin E (55 mg of α-tocopherol) (SVE) could improve subjective statuses and anti-oxidative capacity in humans using questionnaires on fatigue, sleep and physical appearance, as well as low-density lipoprotein oxidation lag time.
PMCID: PMC4803842 PMID: 26153159
- [16] Normal and delayed wound healing is improved by sesamol, an active constituent of Sesamum indicum (L.) in albino rats.
The seeds of Sesamum indicum Linn. (Pedaliaceae) has been used traditionally for the treatment of wounds in Buldhana district of Maharashtra state.
Sesamol is the main anti-oxidative constituent contained mainly in the processed sesame seed oil which has not been explored scientifically for its wound healing activity.
RESULTS:
The tensile strength significantly (p<0.05) increased with SM at 471.40±14.66 g when compared to control at 300.60±9.16 g in normal and DM suppressed healing.
CONCLUSION:
These results indicate that sesamol could be a promising drug in normal as well as delayed wound healing processes.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Jan 27 ;133(2):608-12. Epub 2010 Oct 28. PMID: 21035533
- [17] Sesaminol prevents Parkinson's disease by activating the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the degeneration of substantia nigra neurons due to oxidative stress.
Sesaminol has strong antioxidant and anti-cancer effects.
The sesaminol group showed strong expression of Nrf2 in the cytoplasm and nucleus. NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) activity was enhanced in the 6-OHDA group and further enhanced in the sesaminol group.
Furthermore, the neurotoxine rotenone was orally administrated to mice to prepare anPD model.
The motor function of rotenone-treated mice was shorter than that of the control group, but a small amount of sesaminol restored it to the control level
These results suggest that sesaminol has a preventative effect on PD.
Heliyon. 2020 Nov ;6(11):e05342. Epub 2020 Nov 2. PMID: 33163674
- [18] The prophylactic protective effect of sesamol against ferric-nitrilotriacetate-induced acute renal injury in mice.
The aim of this study was to examine the prophylactic protective effects of 3,4-methylenedioxyphenol (sesamol) on ferric-nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA)-induced acute renal damage in mice
Sesamol inhibited Fe-NTA-induced acute renal injury, renal lipid peroxidation, the levels of renal hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion generated, and the activity of xanthine oxidase in mice.
Therefore, we concluded that sesamol protected mice against Fe-NTA-induced oxidative-stress-associated acute renal injury by at least partially inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 Aug ;46(8):2736-41. Epub 2008 Apr 29. PMID: 18539378
- [19] Protective effects of sesamol and its related compounds on carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury in rats.
Sesamol is a kind of antioxidant and exists in sesame oil.
This paper describes the protective effect of sesamol against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats.
Consequently, significant protective effects were found in methylenedioxybenzene, isosafrole, safrole, methylenedioxyaniline and methylenedioxyacetophenone.
These five compounds had a methylenedioxy group had protective effects, it was considered that the protective effects of the methylenedioxy group were influenced by substituent groups on 4 position of methylenedioxy phenyl compounds.
In addition, sesamol, methylenedioxybenzene and isosafrole showed significant protective effects against cholestasis induced by CCl4.
Yakugaku Zasshi. 1994 Nov ;114(11):901-10. PMID: 7853152
- [20] Protective effect of sesamol against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced cognitive dysfunction and altered glutathione redox balance in rats.
Sesamol (SML) (Sesamum indicum, Linn, Pedaliaceae) has been used traditionally as a health supplement in India and other countries for a long time. It is a well-known antioxidant, currently being tried against several neurological disorders.
The present study was designed to evaluate the potential of sesamol treatment against 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP)-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative damage in striatal, cortex and hippocampal regions of the rat.
Sesamol pre-treatment restored oxidative defence possibly by its free radical scavenging activity as compared to the 3NP-treated group.
The present study suggests that sesamol could be used as an effective agent in the management of Huntington's disease (neurodegenerative disease).
Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2010 Jul ;107(1):577-82. Epub 2010 Jan 25. PMID: 20102363
- [21] Protective effect of sesamol against myocardial infarction (heart attack) caused by isoproterenol in Wistar rats.
This study was designed to investigate the cardioprotective effect of sesamol on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction in adult male albino Wistar rats.
…. Administration of sesamol at different doses 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally for 7 days prevented the above changes and improved towards normality; the 50 mg dose was more effective than the other two doses.
Redox Rep. 2010 ;15(1):36-42. PMID: 20196927
- [22] Sesamol, a lignan in sesame, possesses several bioactivities, such as antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and neuroprotective capability. In this study, the effects of sesamol on aging-caused cognitive defects are investigated.
Behavioral tests revealed that sesamol improved aging-associated cognitive impairments.
Sesamol decreased aging-induced oxidative stress via suppression of malondialdehyde production and increased antioxidant enzymes.
Histological staining showed that sesamol treatment improved aging-induced neuronal damage and synaptic dysfunction in hippocampus.
Furthermore, sesamol significantly reduced aging-induced neuroinflammation by inhibiting the microglial overactivation and inflammatory cytokine expressions.
Meanwhile, the accumulation of Aβ was reduced by sesamol treatment.
Moreover, sesamol protected the gut barrier integrity and reduced LPS release, which was highly associated with its beneficial effects on behavioral and inflammatory changes.
In conclusion, our findings indicated that the use of sesamol is feasible in the treatment of aging-related diseases
J Agric Food Chem. 2020 Feb 18. Epub 2020 Feb 18. PMID: 32067456
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Soy
♦ Soy Foods and their health benefits!
♦ Soy Foods have been a staple source of healthy protein for centuries and studies in China [β] have shown the wide ranging protective and therapeutic health benefits gained by consuming Soy Milk, Textured Soy Protein, Tempeh, Natto and Tofu.
• See two bioavailability studies here: [α][γ]
Soy foods and their flavones have been maliciously maligned with false allegations of feminizing effects on men by fake studies paid for by the Meat and Poultry industries to eliminate a healthy competitor since their own products are decidedly unhealthy and laced with feminizing hormones and pathogenic levels antibiotics etc.
• Here are studies which roundly debunk these spurious allegations: [Δ][ε][14]
♦ Following is a list of the therapeutic and prophylactic properties of Soy Foods and their associated 'active ingredients of Isoflavones:
- All-Cause Mortality/Cancers [13]
- Breast Cancer protective [3][7][18][22]
- Bone density improvement [10]
- Breathlessness, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [11]
- Coronary Heart Disease protective [17][21]
- Cholesterol lowering [5]
- Kidney function improvement, protective [19][21]
- Lung Cancer protective [2][12]
- Menopausal adverse effects protective [6]
- Menopausal Hot Flushes protective [9]
- Osteoporosis prevention, Bone density improvement [1]
- Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) [20]
- Prostate, Bladder, Urinary Tract protective [8][14]
- Prostate Cancer protective [4]
- Stroke protective [15]
- Uterine Cancer protective [16]
- Vaginal atrophy protective [6]
♦ List of Isoflavones in Soy Foods in mg/100g:
Soy Food | Daidzein | Genistein | Glycitein |
---|---|---|---|
Textured Soy Protein | 67 | 89 | 20 |
Natto | 33 | 37 | 10 |
Tempeh | 22 | 36 | 4 |
Miso | 16 | 23 | 3 |
Tofu | 13 | 18 | 4 |
Soymilk | 4.8 | 6 | 1 |
♦ Footnotes:
- [α] Factors affecting the bioavailability of soy isoflavones in humans after ingestion of physiologically relevant levels from different soy foods
The precise role that isoflavones play in the health-related effects of soy foods, and their potential for adverse effects are controversial. This may be due in part to a lack of basic knowledge regarding their bioavailability and metabolism, particularly as it relates to the soy source.
In the current study of healthy adults we examined the effect of age, gender, and the food matrix on the bioavailability of isoflavones for both the aglycon and glucoside forms that are naturally present in 3 different soy foods:
• Soy Milk
• Textured Vegetable Protein
• Tempeh
Serum isoflavone concentrations in all individuals and groups increased rapidly after the ingestion of each soy food; as expected, genistein concentrations exceeded daidzein concentrations in serum.
However, soy milk was absorbed faster and peak levels of isoflavones were attained earlier than with the other soy foods.
PMID: 16365057 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.1.45
- [β] ASSOCIATIONS OF DIET AND DISEASE: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF HEALTH CHARACTERISTICS IN CHINA
T. Colin Campbell, PhD Jacob Gould Schurman Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry
PDF
- [γ] Bioavailability of isoflavones from soy products in equol producers and non-producers in Japanese women
Results:
The bioavailability of daidzein following the consumption of
• Tofu: 66.9%
• Natto: 45.2%
• Soy Milk: 65.7%
• Soy Isoflavone Supplement: 57.9%
were 66.9%, 45.2%, 65.7%, and 57.9%, respectively, and the bioavailability of genistein following the consumption of these soy products were 33.7%, 24.4%, 31.2%, and 17.7%, respectively.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnim.2016.08.001
- [Δ] Soybean isoflavone exposure does not have feminizing effects on men: a critical examination of the clinical evidence.
OBJECTIVE:
To critically evaluate the clinical evidence, and when not available, the animal data, most relevant to concerns that isoflavone exposure in the form of supplements or soy foods has feminizing effects on men.
DESIGN:
Medline literature review and cross-reference of published data.
RESULT(S):
In contrast to the results of some rodent studies, findings from a recently published meta analysis and subsequently published studies show that neither isoflavone supplements nor isoflavone-rich soy affect total or free testosterone (T) levels.
Similarly, there is essentially no evidence from the nine identified clinical studies that isoflavone exposure affects circulating estrogen levels in men.
Clinical evidence also indicates that isoflavones have no effect on sperm or semen parameters.
Finally, findings from animal studies suggesting that isoflavones increase the risk of erectile dysfunction are not applicable to men, because of differences in isoflavone metabolism between rodents and humans and the excessively high amount of isoflavones to which the animals were exposed.
CONCLUSION(S):
The intervention data indicate that isoflavones do not exert feminizing effects on men at intake levels equal to and even considerably higher than are typical for Asian males.
Fertil Steril. 2010 May 1;93(7):2095-104. Epub 2010 Apr 8. PMID: 20378106
- [ε] Soy intake and urinary sex hormone levels in preschool Japanese children.
The authors investigated whether soy intake is associated with sex steroid levels in Japanese children.
This cross-sectional study was conducted in autumn 2006.
Subjects were substantially healthy preschoolers, 230 boys and 198 girls, aged 3-6 years.
In the analysis of covariance for sex steroids after adjustments for age and body mass index, soy intake was significantly negatively related to estrone and estradiol in boys and positively related to testosterone and 5-androstene-3β,17α diol in girls.
Isoflavone had a significant tendency to be negatively associated with estradiol (E2 Estrogen, female sex hormone) in boys and to be positively associated with testosterone in girls (important hormone for girls - although at lower levels than for boys).
Total energy intake was not associated with any sex steroids in boys or girls.
These results suggest that soy intake might affect the secretion or metabolism of sex steroids in childhood and that the effects might differ by sex.
Am J Epidemiol. 2011 Mar 22. Epub 2011 Mar 22. PMID: 21427172
♦ References:
- [1] Soy isoflavones prevent bone resorption and loss, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Osteoporosis is a common bone disease characterized by reduced bone mass resulting from continuous bone resorption.
Consumption of soy isoflavones caused significant improvement in BMD, Bone Mineral Density of lumbar spine (mean difference (MD) = 0.76%; 95% CI: 0.09, 1.42%; = 0.03), hip (MD = 0.22%; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.42%; = 0.04), and femoral neck (MD = 2.27%; 95% CI: 1.22, 3.31%; < 0.001).
Subgroup analysis showed that in all 3 sites, the improvement was significant in normal weight subjects and interventions longer than a year,
Subgroup analysis of bone markers showed that in overweight/obese individuals and dosages <90 mg/day, isoflavones are more effective.
Soy isoflavones prevent osteoporosis-related bone loss in any weight status or treatment duration.
They increase BMD in normal weight subjects and diminish bone resorption in overweight/obese individuals.
Although bone resorption may be decelerated over short-term isoflavone consumption, periods longer than a year are probably needed to affect BMD.
Isoflavones also appear benefits on bone in any dose or subjects' ethnicity.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019 Jul 10:1-15. Epub 2019 Jul 10. PMID: 31290343
- [2] Soy intake is associated with lower lung cancer risk: results from a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies.
Although several in vitro and animal in vivo studies have suggested that soy or soy isoflavones may exert inhibitory effects on lung carcinogenesis, epidemiologic studies have reported inconclusive results on the association between soy intake and lung cancer.
OBJECTIVE:
The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate whether an association exists between soy and lung cancer in epidemiologic studies.
RESULTS:
A total of 11 epidemiologic studies that consisted of 8 case-control and 3 prospective cohort studies were included.
A significantly inverse association was shown between soy intake and lung cancer with an overall RR (Relative Risk) of 0.77 (95% CI: 0.65, 0.92).
Findings were slightly different when analyses were restricted to 5 high-quality studies (RR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.45, 0.99).
In a subgroup meta-analysis, a statistically significant protective effect of soy consumption was observed in women (RR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.93), never smokers (RR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.76), and Asian populations (RR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.74, 0.98).
CONCLUSIONS:
Our findings indicate that the consumption of soy food is associated with lower lung cancer risk.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Dec ;94(6):1575-83. Epub 2011 Nov 9. PMID: 22071712
- [6] Soy, isoflavones, and breast cancer risk in Japan.
We evaluated the relationship between isoflavone consumption and breast cancer risk among women in the Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study on Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases (JPHC Study).
RESULTS:
Consumption of miso soup and isoflavones was inversely associated with the risk of breast cancer.
Compared with those in the lowest quartile of isoflavone intake, the adjusted RRs for breast cancer for women in the second, third, and highest quartiles were 0.76 (95% CI = 0.47 to 1.2), 0.90 (95% CI = 0.56 to 1.5), and 0.46 (95% CI = 0.25 to 0.84), respectively (P(trend) =.043).
The inverse association was stronger in postmenopausal women (P(trend) =.006). CONCLUSION:
In a population-based, prospective cohort study in Japan, frequent miso soup and isoflavone consumption was associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer.
J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003 Jun 18;95(12):906-13. PMID: 12813174
- [4] Combined inhibitory effects of soy isoflavones and curcumin on the production of prostate-specific antigen.
Sustained chronic inflammation in the prostate promotes prostate carcinogenesis.
Since an elevated level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) per se reflects the presence of inflammation in the prostate, intervention to improve the PSA value might potentially have beneficial effects for the prevention of the development of prostate cancer.
Isoflavones and curcumin (Turmeric) have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties.
RESULTS:
The production of PSA were markedly decreased by the combined treatment of isoflavones and curcumin in prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP.
The expression of the androgen receptor was also suppressed by the treatment.
In clinical trials, PSA levels decreased in the patients group with PSA>or= 10 treated with supplement containing isoflavones and curcumin (P = 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS:
Our results indicated that isoflavones and curcumin could modulate serum PSA levels. Curcumin presumably synergizes with isoflavones to suppress PSA production in prostate cells through the anti-androgen effects.
Prostate. 2010 Jul 1;70(10):1127-33. PMID: 20503397
- [5] Direct comparison of dietary portfolio vs statin on C-reactive protein.
OBJECTIVE:
To compare the efficacy of a dietary combination (portfolio) of cholesterol-lowering foods vs a statin in reducing C-reactive protein (CRP) (body-response to inflammation) as a biomarker of inflammation linked to increased cardiovascular disease risk.
METHODS:
In all, 34 hyperlipidemic subjects completed three 1-month treatments as outpatients in random order: a very low-saturated fat diet (control);
the same diet with 20 mg lovastatin (statin);
and a diet high in
• plant sterols (1.0 g/1000 kcal),
• soy protein (21.4 g/1000 kcal),
• viscous fibers (9.8 g/1000 kcal),
• almonds (14 g/1000 kcal)
(portfolio).
CONCLUSIONS:
A combination of cholesterol-lowering foods reduced C-reactive protein to a similar extent as the starting dose of a first-generation statin.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jul;59(7):851-60. PMID: 15900306
- [6] The effect of a soy rich diet on the vaginal epithelium in postmenopause: a randomized double blind trial.
A traditional asiatic phytoestrogen-rich diet is associated with a lower incidence of estrogen-dependent cancers and clinical consequences of postmenopausal estrogen deficiency.
First Wilcox in 1990, showed an increase of the vaginal cell maturation with phytoestrogens on postmenopausal women, but this has not been confirmed in some subsequent studies.
METHODS:
In this study, we analyzed the effects of a 6-month soy-rich diet on the vaginal epithelium of asymptomatic postmenopausal women in a randomized clinical trial.
RESULTS:
The karyopycnotic index (KI) increased significantly in the diet group and in the HRT group but not in the control group.
The maturation value (MV) had an identical trend to the KI. CONCLUSION: We conclude that a soy rich diet is efficacious in increasing the maturation indices of vaginal cells.
This effect could be a useful marker of the efficacy of a dietary intervention with phytoestrogen rich foods, and should be considered during preventive interventions against menopausal effects and vaginal atrophy.
Vascul Pharmacol. 2008 Jan;48(1):14-20. Epub 2007 Nov 13. PMID: 12927310
- [7] Soy food intake and breast cancer survival.
Soy foods are rich in isoflavones, a major group of phytoestrogens that have been hypothesized to reduce the risk of breast cancer.
RESULTS:
During the median follow-up of 3.9 years (range, 0.5-6.2 years), 444 deaths and 534 recurrences or breast cancer-related deaths were documented in 5033 surgically treated breast cancer patients.
Soy food intake, as measured by either soy protein or soy isoflavone intake, was inversely associated with mortality and recurrence.
The hazard ratio associated with the highest quartile of soy protein intake was 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-0.92) for total mortality and 0.68 (95% CI, 0.54-0.87) for recurrence compared with the lowest quartile of intake.
CONCLUSION:
Among women with breast cancer, soy food consumption was significantly associated with decreased risk of death and recurrence.
JAMA. 2009 Dec 9;302(22):2437-43. PMID: 19996398
- [8] The association between isoflavone and lower urinary tract symptoms in elderly men.
The objective of the present study is to explore the association between lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and dietary isoflavone in elderly men.
In a large prospective cohort of 2000 Chinese men, the association between dietary isoflavone and LUTS were studied using standardized structured questionnaires.
A total of 96.2 % of subjects reported some consumption of genistein, glycitein or daidzein.
In ordinal multinominal logistic regression, subjects with dietary total isoflavone of more than 5.1 mg were significantly less likely to suffer from more severe LUTS
(dietary intake from 5.1 to 9.5 mg: OR 0.59; 95 % CI 0.44, 0.80;
from 9.6 to 14.3 mg: OR 0.81; 95 % CI 0.61, 1.09;
from 14.4 to 21.7 mg: OR 0.68; 95 % CI 0.51, 0.92; 21.8 mg
and above: OR 0.73; 95 % CI 0.54, 0.98) after adjustment for covariates.
In this cross-sectional study, we showed a strong inverse association between dietary intake of isoflavone and the risk of LUTS.
Br J Nutr. 2007 Dec;98(6):1237-42. Epub 2007 Jul 19. PMID: 17640419
- [9] Effects of genistein on hot flushes in early postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind EPT- and placebo-controlled study.
We evaluated and compared the effects of the phytoestrogen genistein, (soy isoflavone) estrogen-progestogen therapy (EPT), and placebo on hot flushes and endometrial thickness in postmenopausal women.
RESULTS:
By comparison with placebo, daily flushes reduced significantly by a mean of 22% (95% CI: -38 to -6.2; P<0.01) after 3 months,
by a mean of 29% (95% CI: -45 to -13; P<0.001) after 6 months,
and by a mean of 24% (95% CI: -43 to -5; P<0.01) after 12 months
of genistein treatment.
Flush score decreased by a mean of 53% (95% CI: -79 to -26; P<0.001) after 3 months, by a mean of 56% (95% CI: -83 to -28; P<0.001) after 6 months, and by a mean of 54% (95% CI: -74 to -33; P<0.001) after 12 months of EPT, as compared with placebo. No side effect was observed on the uterus of the participants.
CONCLUSIONS:
The present study confirms that genistein might have positive effects on hot flushes without a negative impact on endometrial thickness and suggests a future role of this phytoestrogen as a strategically therapeutic alternative in the management of postmenopausal symptoms.
Menopause. 2004 Jul-Aug;11(4):400-4. PMID: 15243277
- [10] Breast safety and efficacy of genistein aglycone for postmenopausal bone loss: a follow-up study.
Genistein aglycone improves bone metabolism in women.
RESULTS:
After 36 months, genistein did not significantly change mammographic breast density or endometrial thickness, BRCA1 and BRCA2 expression was preserved, whereas sister chromatid exchange was reduced compared with placebo.
Bone mineral density increases were greater with genistein for both femoral neck and lumbar spine compared to placebo.
Genistein also significantly reduced pyridinoline, as well as serum carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide and soluble receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand while increasing bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, IGF-I, and osteoprotegerin levels.
There were no differences in discomfort or adverse events between groups. CONCLUSIONS:
After 3 yr of treatment, genistein exhibited a promising safety profile with positive effects on bone formation in a cohort of osteopenic, postmenopausal women.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Dec;93(12):4787-96. Epub 2008 Sep 16. PMID: 18796517
- [11] Soy consumption and risk of COPD and respiratory symptoms: a case-control study in Japan.
To investigate the relationship between soy consumption, COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) risk and the prevalence of respiratory symptoms, a case-control study was conducted in Japan.
A significant reduction in COPD risk was evident for highest versus lowest quartile of daily intake of total soybean products, with adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.392, 95% CI 0.194-0.793, p for trend 0.001.
Similar decreases in COPD risk were associated with frequent and higher intake of soy foods such as tofu and bean sprouts, whereas respiratory symptoms were inversely associated with high consumption of soy foods, especially for breathlessness (OR 0.989, 95% CI 0.982-0.996).
CONCLUSION:
Increasing soy consumption was associated with a decreased risk of COPD and breathlessness.
Respir Res. 2009;10:56. Epub 2009 Jun 26. PMID: 19558645
- [12] Isoflavone intake and risk of lung cancer: a prospective cohort study in Japan.
We investigated the association between isoflavone intake and lung cancer incidence.
During 11 y (671,864 person-years) of follow-up, we documented 481 male and 178 female lung cancer cases.
In men we found an inverse association between isoflavone intake and risk of lung cancer in never smokers (n = 13,051; multivariate HR in the highest compared with the lowest quartile of isoflavone intake: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.90; P for trend = 0.024) but not in current or past smokers.
CONCLUSION:
In a large-scale, population-based, prospective study in Japan, isoflavone intake was associated with a decreased risk of lung cancer in never smokers.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Jan 13. Epub 2010 Jan 13. PMID: 20071645
- [13] Soy consumption and mortality in Hong Kong: proxy-reported case-control study of all older adult deaths in 1998.
This study investigates the relation between soy consumption and mortality in a population-based case-control study in Hong Kong of all adult deaths in 1998.
RESULTS:
The adjusted odds ratios for all-cause mortality for soy consumption 4 or more times a week compared with less than once a month were 0.77 (95% CI: 0.62, 0.95) for men and 0.66 (0.54, 0.81) for women.
Mortality from lung cancer (males P = 0.02, females P = 0.02), colorectal cancer (males P = 0.07, females P<0.001), stomach cancer (males P = 0.04, females P = 0.03), female breast cancer (P = 0.02) and ischemic heart disease (males P<0.001, females P = 0.002) was inversely associated with soy consumption.
CONCLUSIONS:
Our study suggests that maintaining traditional levels of soy consumption could be protective for some chronic diseases in China.
Prev Med. 2006 Jul;43(1):20-6. Epub 2006 May 2. PMID: 16631248
- [14] Serum prostate-specific antigen but not testosterone levels decrease in a randomized soy intervention among men.
Low prostate cancer incidence and high soy intake in Asian countries suggest a possible protective effect of soy foods against prostate cancer.
The goal of this pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility of a randomized, crossover soy trial among men and to investigate the effects of daily soy intake on serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and testosterone levels.
METHODS:
We randomized 24 men to a high or a low soy diet for 3 months.
After a 1-month washout period, the men crossed over to the other treatment.
During the high soy diet, dietary isoflavone intake and urinary isoflavone excretion increased significantly as compared to the low soy diet.
A 14% decline in serum PSA levels (P=0.10), but no change in testosterone (P=0.70), was observed during the high soy diet in contrast to the low soy diet. CONCLUSION:
The high adherence as shown by three measures of compliance in this pilot trial demonstrated the feasibility of an intervention based on soy foods among free-living men.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 Dec;60(12):1423-9. Epub 2006 Jun 14. PMID: 16775579
- [15] Soy consumption reduces risk of ischemic stroke: a case-control study in southern china.
Experimental studies have suggested that soybean products may protect against ischemic stroke.
Increased consumptions of dried soybean, tofu, soymilk and total soy foods were associated with reduced risks of ischemic stroke (brain blood clot) after adjusting for confounding factors.
The corresponding adjusted odds ratios for the highest versus lowest level (<50 g) of intake were
0.20 (95% confidence interval = 0.09-0.48),
0.56 (0.36-0.89), 0.18 (0.06-0.51) and
0.23 (0.14-0.39), with significant dose-response relationships observed. CONCLUSION:
The results provided evidence of inverse association between habitual soy food consumption and the risk of ischemic stroke for Chinese adults.
Neuroepidemiology. 2009;33(2):111-6. Epub 2009 May 30. PMID: 19494552
- [16] Interaction of soy food and tea consumption with CYP19A1 genetic polymorphisms in the development of endometrial cancer.
Certain polyphenols inhibit the activity of aromatase, a critical enzyme in estrogen synthesis that is coded by the CYP19A1 gene.
Consumption of polyphenol-rich foods and beverages, thus, may interact with CYP19A1 genetic polymorphisms in the development of endometrial cancer (Uterine Cancer).
Higher intake of soy foods and tea consumption were both inversely associated with the risk of endometrial cancer, with odds ratios of 0.8 (95% confidence interval: 0.6, 1.0) for the highest versus the lowest tertiles of intake of soy and 0.8 (95% confidence interval: 06, 0.9) for ever tea consumption.
The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms rs1065779, rs752760, and rs1870050 with endometrial cancer was modified by tea consumption (p(interaction) < 0.05) but not by soy isoflavone intake.
The authors' findings suggest that tea polyphenols may modify the effect of CYP19A1 genetic polymorphisms on the development of endometrial cancer.
Acta Paediatr. 2009 Jan;98(1):127-31. Epub 2008 Aug 4. PMID: 17827443
- [17] Soy food consumption is associated with lower risk of coronary heart disease in Chinese women.
Soy food intake has been shown to have beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors.
We examined the relationship between soy food intake and incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) among participants in the Shanghai Women's Health Study, a population-based prospective cohort study of approximately 75,000 Chinese women aged 40-70 y
There was a clear monotonic dose-response relationship between soy food intake and risk of total CHD (P for trend = 0.003) with an adjusted relative risk (RR) of 0.25 (95% CI, 0.10-0.63) observed for women in the highest vs. the lowest quartile of total soy protein intake.
The inverse association was more pronounced for nonfatal myocardial infarction (RR = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.04-0.48 for the highest vs. the lowest quartile of intake; P for trend = 0.001).
This study provides, for the first time, direct evidence that soy food consumption may reduce the risk of CHD in women.
J Nutr. 2003 Sep;133(9):2874-8. PMID: 12949380
- [18] Adolescent and adult soy food intake and breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai Women's Health Study.
Soy food is a rich source of isoflavones--a class of phytoestrogens that has both antiestrogenic and anticarcinogenic properties.
OBJECTIVE:
The objective was to evaluate the association of adolescent and adult soy food intake with breast cancer risk in a cohort of 73,223 Chinese women who participated in the Shanghai Women's Health Study.
The multivariate-adjusted relative risks (RRs) for the upper intake quintile compared with the lowest quintile were
0.41 (95% CI: 0.25, 0.70) for soy protein intake and
0.44 (95% CI: 0.26, 0.73) for isoflavone intake.
High intake of soy foods during adolescence was also associated with a reduced risk of premenopausal breast cancer (RR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.97).
Women who consumed a high amount of soy foods consistently during adolescence and adulthood had a substantially reduced risk of breast cancer.
CONCLUSION:
This large, population-based, prospective cohort study provides strong evidence of a protective effect of soy food intake against premenopausal breast cancer.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jun;89(6):1920-6. Epub 2009 Apr 29. PMID: 19403632
- [19] Beneficiary effect of dietary soy protein on lowering plasma levels of lipid and improving kidney function in type II diabetes with nephropathy.
Heart and renal diseases are two major problems in diabetic patients.
Hyperlipidemia is one of the main risk factors of cardiovascular complications in diabetes.
The type of protein consumed also affects the changes in renal blood flow, glomerular resistance and renal function in these patients.
RESULT::
There were 10 men and four women whose mean (s.d.) of weight was 70.6 (10.3) kg. Significant reductions were seen in total cholesterol (P<0.01), triglyceride (P<0.002) and LDL-c (P<0.04), urinary urea nitrogen and proteinuria (P<0.001) after soy vs animal protein consumption.
We also saw a favorable effect on renal function.
CONCLUSION:
Soy inclusion in the diet can modify the risk factors of heart disease and improve kidney function in these patients.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003 Oct;57(10):1292-4. PMID: 14506491
- [20] Effect of consumption of soy isoflavones on behavioural, somatic and affective symptoms in women with premenstrual syndrome.
Up to 80 % of the Western female population experience premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Long-term pharmacological therapy is unacceptable to most women, and is not warranted for moderate symptoms.
Specific premenstrual symptoms, headache (F(2,32) 4.10, P=0.026) and breast tenderness (F(2,32) 4.59, P=0.018), were reduced from baseline after soy IF (isoflavones ), but not milk protein placebo.
Cramps (F(2,32) 4.15, P=0.025) and swelling (F(2,32) 4.64, P=0.017) were significantly lower after active treatment compared with placebo.
The present study showed that ISP (isolated soya protein) containing IF may have potential to reduce specific premenstrual symptoms via non-classical actions.
Br J Nutr. 2005 May;93(5):731-9. PMID: 15975174
- [21] Soy protein intake, cardiorenal indices, and C-reactive protein in type 2 diabetes with nephropathy: a longitudinal randomized clinical trial.
OBJECTIVE:
Several short-term trials on the effect of soy consumption on cardiovascular risks are available, but little evidence exists regarding the impact of long-term soy protein consumption among type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy.
RESULTS:
Soy protein consumption significantly affected cardiovascular risks such as fasting plasma glucose (mean change in the soy protein versus control groups: -18 +/- 3 vs. 11 +/- 2 mg/dl; P = 0.03), total cholesterol (-23 +/- 5 vs. 10 +/- 3 mg/dl; P = 0.01), LDL cholesterol (-20 +/- 5 vs. 6 +/- 2 mg/dl; P = 0.01), and serum triglyceride (-24 +/- 6 vs. -5 +/- 2 mg/dl; P = 0.01) concentrations.
Serum CRP levels were significantly decreased by soy protein intake compared with those in the control group (1.31 +/- 0.6 vs. 0.33 +/- 0.1 mg/l; P = 0.02). Significant improvements were also seen in proteinuria (-0.15 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.02 +/- 0.01 g/day; P = 0.001)
and urinary creatinine (-1.5 +/- 0.9 vs. 0.6 +/- 0.3 mg/dl, P = 0.01) by consumption of soy protein.
CONCLUSIONS:
Longitudinal soy protein consumption significantly affected cardiovascular risk factors and kidney-related biomarkers among type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy.
Diabetes Res. 1984 Nov;1(4):201-7. PMID: 18184902
- [22] Tofu and risk of breast cancer in Asian-Americans.
Breast cancer rates among Asian-Americans are lower than those of US whites but considerably higher than rates prevailing in Asia.
It is suspected that migration to the US brings about a change in endocrine function among Asian women, although reasons for this change remain obscure.
The high intake of soy in Asia and its reduced intake among Asian-Americans has been suggested to partly explain the increase of breast cancer rates in Asian-Americans.
After adjustment for age, ethnicity and study area, intake of tofu was more than twice as high among Asian-American women born in Asia (62 times per year) compared to those born in the US (30 times per year).
Among migrants, intake of tofu decreased with years of residence in the US.
Risk of breast cancer decreased with increasing frequency of intake of tofu after adjustment for age, study area, ethnicity, and migration history;
the adjusted OR associated with each additional serving per week was 0.85 (95% CI = 0.74-0.99).
The protective effect of high tofu intake was observed in pre- and postmenopausal women.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996 Nov;5(11):901-6. PMID: 8922298
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Herbs
♦ Nature's Apothecary!
Herbs have been used as natural medicines since ancient times.
Modern 'science' has belatedly and reluctantly admitted to the medicinal efficacy of Herbs.
However as always, it is their isolated, and often artificially produced 'active ingredients' which are given credit for therapeutic and pharmacological properties.
Following is a selection of these active ingredients, or nutraceuticals / bioceuticals, of Herbs with prophylactic and therapeutic health benefits according to scientific studies:
♦ Rosmarinic Acid
• Rosmarinic Acid content in mg/g of selected herbs:[α][β]
♦ Scientific studies examining the therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of Rosmarinic Acid for various Disorders:
- Alzheimer prevention, Cognitive improvement [9]
- Anti-viral properties [13]
- Arthritis protective; Osteo-/Rheumatoid Arthritis [12]
- Asthma protective [17]
- Breast Cancer, prophylactic and therapeutic [20]
- Cancer protective [16]
- Diabetes therapeutic, Hyperglycemia prevention [18][19]
- Gastric Ulcers [2]
- Heart Attack protective [14]
- Heart protective against toxins [7]
- Hearing loss protective [11]
- Hypertension/High Blood-pressure lowering [15]
- Insomnia [21]
- Kidney Disease [3]
- Learning improvement & Senility prevention [6]
- Liver Disease protective [1][3][8]
- Lung protective [10]
- Memory & Learning improvement [19]
- Neuro-protective against toxin induced injury [5]
- Testicular & Sperm injury protective from toxic agents [4]
♦ Footnotes:
- [α] Comparative study of rosmarinic acid content in some plants of Labiatae family.
Plants of Labiatae are used in traditional medicine and phytotherapy.
Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a phenolic compound which is found in many genus of Labiatae and exhibits important biological activities.
PMCID: PMC3307200 PMID: 22438661
- [β] A Review of the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Rosmarinic Acid on Inflammatory Diseases
Inflammatory diseases are caused by abnormal immune responses and are characterized by an imbalance of inflammatory mediators and cells.
In recent years, the anti-inflammatory activity of natural products has attracted wide attention. Rosmarinic acid (RosA) is a water-soluble phenolic compound that is an ester of caffeic acid and 3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl lactic acid.
RosA has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, anti-tumorigenic, and anti-inflammatory effects.
The anti-inflammatory effects of RosA have been revealed through in vitro and in vivo studies of various inflammatory diseases like arthritis, colitis, and atopic dermatitis.
This article mainly describes the preclinical research of RosA on inflammatory diseases and depicts a small amount of clinical research data.
• Effect of Rosmarinic Acid on Inflammatory Diseases- Arthritis
- Colitis
- Atopic Dermatitis
- Asthma
- Allergic Rhinitis
- Periodontal Diseases, Gum Disease
- Acute Pancreatitis
- Mastitis, Breast Inflammation
Many reports have demonstrated that RosA has an important role in treating inflammatory diseases through multiple mechanisms, and RosA exerts anti-inflammatory effects to treat various diseases.
Front. Pharmacol., 28 February 2020
- [1] Hepatoprotective activities of rosmarinic acid against extrahepatic cholestasis in rats.
Results of cultured hepatic stellate cells further showed the impacts of rosmarinic acid which attenuated TGF-β1-induced stellate cell mitogenic and fibrogenic activation.
Our findings support the concept that rosmarinic acid could serve as a hepatoprotective agent, and dietary rosmarinic acid supplementation may be beneficial in terms of improving cholestasis-related liver injury via mechanisms involving resolution of oxidative burden and down-regulation of HMGB1/TLR4, NF-κB, AP-1, and TGF-β1/Smad signaling.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2017 Aug 5 ;108(Pt A):214-223. Epub 2017 Aug 5. PMID: 28789951
- [2] Effect of p-cymene and rosmarinic acid on gastric ulcer healing - Involvement of multiple endogenous curative mechanisms.
p-Cymene and rosmarinic acid are secondary metabolites found in several medicinal plants and spices.
PURPOSE:
To evaluate their gastroduodenal antiulcer activity, gastric healing and toxicity in experimental models.
RESULTS:
In the HCl/ethanol-induced gastric ulcer and cysteamine-induced duodenal injury, p-cymene and rosmarinic acid (50-200 mg/kg) decreased significantly the ulcer area, and so prevented lesions formation.
In the acetic acid-induced ulcer model, both compounds (200 mg/kg) markedly reduced the ulcerative injury.
CONCLUSIONS:
Data altogether suggest low toxicity, antiulcer and gastric healing activities of p-cymene and rosmarinic acid.
Antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties seem to be involved in the curative effect as well as the induction of different factors linked to tissue repair.
Phytomedicine. 2021 Feb 16:153497. Epub 2021 Feb 16. PMID: 33745762
- [3] Effects of Rosmarinic Acid on Methotrexate-induced Nephrotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity in Wistar Rats. (known 'side effects of Methotrexate, highly toxic Chemotherapy agent used to treat Cancer)
This study of rosmarinic acid (RA) is as an antioxidant on nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity induced by MTX.
Results:
MTX significantly increased the urea, creatinine, ALT, AST, ALP levels, and renal MDA and significantly decreased renal catalase (CAT), hepatic glutathione (GSH), and hepatic CAT activity.
RA (Rosmarinic Acid) at 100 mg/kg caused a significant decrease in ALT and AST and at two doses significantly decreased urea, renal MDA, and liver MDA.
RA at 200 mg/kg significantly increased the renal CAT and liver GSH.
RA in two doses significantly decreased necrosis and Leukocyte infiltration.
RA caused a significant decrease in degeneration and cellular vacuolization in liver tissues.
Conclusions:
RA with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics decreased the MTX induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity.
Indian J Nephrol. 2021 May-Jun;31(3):218-224. Epub 2021 Jan 27. PMID: 34376933
- [4] Ellagic acid and rosmarinic acid attenuate doxorubicin-induced testicular injury in rats.
The anticancer drug doxorubicin causes testicular toxicity as an undesirable effect.
Doxorubicin decreased testicular relative weight, sperm count, motility, serum testosterone, testicular glycogen, and sialic acid with increased incidence of histopathological changes, oxidative stress, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, as well as cholinesterase activity.
Conversely, ellagic and rosmarinic acid treatment ameliorated such damage, thus showing the possibility to use as an adjuvant during doxorubicin treatment.
J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2017 Jun 6. Epub 2017 Jun 6. PMID: 28586512
- [5] Prophylactic effects of ellagic acid and rosmarinic acid on doxorubicin-induced neurotoxicity in rats.
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used in human malignancies. Its long-term use cause neurobiological side effects.
Our data showed that DOX-induced significant elevation of brain malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), caspase-3, and cholinesterase associated with significant reduction in reduced glutathione, monoamines namely serotonin, dopamine, as well as norepinephrine.
Concomitant administration of EA (10 mg/kg/day, p.o. for 14 days) and/or RA (rosmarinic acid) (75 mg/kg/day, p.o.for 14 days) with DOX significantly mitigated the neural changes induced by DOX.
Meanwhile, treatment ameliorated pro-inflammatory cytokines as TNF-α, iNOS, and attenuated oxidative stress biomarkers as well as brain monoamines.
In conclusion, EA and RA can effectively protect against DOX-induced neurotoxicity, and the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect are potentially associated with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties.
J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2017 Aug 16. Epub 2017 Aug 16. PMID: 28815802
- [6] Effect of botanical extracts containing carnosic acid or rosmarinic acid on learning and memory in SAMP8 mice.
Oxidative damage is one of the hallmarks of the aging process.
The current study evaluated effects of two proprietary antioxidant-based ingredients, rosemary extract and spearmint extract containing carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid, respectively, on learning and memory in the SAMP8 mouse model of accelerated aging.
Rosemary extract with 10% carnosic acid improved retention in T-maze foot shock avoidance and lever press.
Spearmint with 5% rosmarinic acid improved acquisition and retention in T-maze foot shock avoidance and object recognition.
4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) was reduced in the brain cortex after treatment with all three extracts (P<0.001) compared to the vehicle treated SAMP8.
Protein carbonyls were reduced in the hippocampus after administration of rosemary with 10% carnosic acid (P<0.05) and spearmint containing 5% rosmarinic acid (P<0.001).
The current results indicate that the extracts from spearmint and rosemary have beneficial effects on learning and memory and brain tissue markers of oxidation that occur with age in SAMP8 mice.
Physiol Behav. 2016 Aug 12. Epub 2016 Aug 12. PMID: 27527000
- [7] Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anticancer medicine that may trigger cardiomyopathy. Rosmarinic acid (RA) has shown antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects.
This investigation assessed the cardioprotective effect of RA on DOX-induced-toxicity in both in vivo and in vitro experiments.
Administration of RA ameliorated the toxic effects of DOX.
In vitro studies showed that RA did not affect the cytotoxic effect of DOX. (desired effect on cancer cells)
RA as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective compound could be a promising compound to help minimize DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.
Nutr Cancer. 2021 Jun 4:1-15. Epub 2021 Jun 4. PMID: 34085575
- [8] Lemon Balm and Its Constituent, Rosmarinic Acid, Alleviate Liver Damage in an Animal Model of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ranges in severity from hepatic steatosis to cirrhosis.
Lemon balm and its major constituent, rosmarinic acid (RA), effectively improve the liver injury and obesity; however, their therapeutic effects on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are unknown.
In this study, we investigated the effects of RA and a lemon balm extract (LBE) on NAFLD and liver fibrosis and elucidated their mechanisms.
LBE and RA treatments alleviated the oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant enzymes and modulated lipid metabolism-related gene expression by the activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in vitro and in vivo.
LBE and RA treatments inhibited the expression of genes involved in hepatic fibrosis and inflammation in vitro and in vivo.
Together, LBE and RA could improve liver damage by non-alcoholic lipid accumulation and may be promising medications to treat NASH.
Nutrients. 2020 Apr 22 ;12(4). Epub 2020 Apr 22. PMID: 32331258
- [9] Perilla frutescens var. japonica and rosmarinic acid improve amyloid-β25-35 induced impairment of cognition and memory function.
The accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and plays a key role in cognitive dysfunction.
Perilla frutescens var. japonica extract (PFE) and its major compound, rosmarinic acid (RA), have shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
RESULTS:
Our present study demonstrated that PFE and RA administration significantly enhanced cognition function and object discrimination, which were impaired by Aβ25-35, in the T-maze and object recognition tests, respectively.
In addition, oral administration of PFE and RA decreased the time to reach the platform and increased the number of crossings over the removed platform when compared with the Aβ25-35-induced control group in the Morris water maze test.
Furthermore, PFE and RA significantly decreased the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain, kidney, and liver.
In particular, PFE markedly attenuated oxidative stress by inhibiting production of NO and MDA in the Aβ25-35-injected mouse brain.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results suggest that PFE and its active compound RA have beneficial effects on cognitive improvement and may help prevent Alzheimer's Disease induced by Aβ.
Nutr Res Pract. 2016 Jun ;10(3):274-81. Epub 2016 Apr 1. PMID: 27247723
- [10] Prophylactic effect of rosmarinic acid on tracheal responsiveness, white blood cell count and oxidative stress markers in lung lavage of sensitized rats.
Rosmarinic acid (RA) as an active component of several medicinal plants, has shown anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects.
In this study, the effect of RA on tracheal responsiveness (TR), lung inflammatory cells, oxidant biomarkers in sensitized rats were evaluated.
RESULTS:
The effect of RA medium concentration on percentage of eosinophils and RA high concentration on total WBC count and percentages of eosinophils and lymphocytes, were significantly higher than those of dexamethasone.
CONCLUSION:
These results showed the concentration-dependent effect of RA on tracheal responses, lung inflammatory cells and oxidant-antioxidant parameters which was comparable to that of dexamethasone at used concentrations in sensitized rats.
Pharmacol Rep. 2018 Jan 17 ;70(1):119-125. Epub 2018 Jan 17. PMID: 29355815
- [11] The Antioxidant Effect of Rosmarinic Acid by Different Delivery Routes in the Animal Model of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss.
HYPOTHESIS:
Trans-tympanic Rosmarinic Acid (RA), as compared with the systemic administration, protects against noise-induced auditory hair cell and hearing losses in rats in vivo.
METHODS:
RA was administrated in male Wistar rats by trans-tympanic (20μl) and systemic (10 mg/kg) modality. In systemic administration, RA was injected 1 hour before noise exposure and once daily for the following 3 days.
RESULTS:
Systemic RA administration significantly decreased noise-induced hearing loss and the improvement of auditory function was paralleled by a significant reduction in cochlear oxidative stress.
CONCLUSION:
The effectiveness of Rosmarinic Acid given via trans-tympanic injection could be interesting for the future application of this minimally-invasive procedure in the treatment of ROS-induced hearing loss.
Otol Neurotol. 2018 Mar ;39(3):378-386. PMID: 29424820
- [12] Rosmarinic acid attenuates inflammation in experimentally induced arthritis in Wistar rats
The experiment was conducted at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg
RESULTS:
Rosmarinic acid significantly decreased the arthritic score, paw volume, joint diameter, white blood cell count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
It also significantly increased body weight, hemoglobin and red blood cells.
The significantly decreased levels of TNF-α were observed in treated groups as compared to arthritic control rats (P < 0.001).
At the same time antioxidant parameters (like GSH and SOD) were increased significantly while levels of MDA were significantly decreased (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION:
The outcome of the present research concludes that rosmarinic acid showed significant anti-arthritic potential in FCA-induced arthritis in Wistar rats.
This study represented the therapeutic role of rosmarinic acid from Punica granatum for the management of arthritis/rheumatoid arthritis/osteoarthritis and related inflammatory complications with negligible side effects which was still far from complete mitigation with available conventional medicines.
Int J Rheum Dis. 2019 Jun 2. Epub 2019 Jun 2. PMID: 31155849
- [13] Evaluation of the virucidal effects of rosmarinic acid against enterovirus 71 infection via in vitro and in vivo study.
Although enterovirus 71 (EV71) is an important public health threat, especially in the Asia-Pacific region, there are still no effective drugs or vaccines to treat and prevent EV71 infection.
Therefore, it is critical to develop prophylactic and therapeutic agents against EV71. Rosmarinic acid (RA), a phytochemical, has been discovered to possess a broad spectrum of biological activities.
RESULTS:
RA showed a strong protective effect against EV71 infection in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells when the multiplicity of infection was 1, with a low IC value (4.33 ± 0.18 μM) and high therapeutic index (340).
RA not only protected cells from EV71-induced cytopathic effects, but also from EV71-induced apoptosis.
The results of time-of-addition analysis demonstrated that the inhibitory activity of RA was highest at the early stage of viral infection.
CONCLUSIONS:
This study suggests that RA has the potential to be developed as an antiviral agent against initial EV71 infection to prevent or reduce EV71-induced pathogenesis and complications, since RA can effectively reduce EV71 infection in the early stages of viral infection.
Virol J. 2019 07 31 ;16(1):94. Epub 2019 Jul 31. PMID: 31366366
- [14] Protective effect of RA on myocardial infarction (heart attack) induced-cardiac fibrosis via AT1R/p38 MAPK pathway signaling and modulation of the ACE2/ACE ratio.
Rosmarinic acid (α-o-caffeoyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl lactic acid, RA), a major active constituent of Rosmarinus officinalis Linn. (rosemary), having significant anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant effects.
Compared with the model group, RA treatment ameliorated the changes in left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), +dp/dtmax, and -dp/dtmax after 4 weeks.
RA treatment was also associated with decreased angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) expression and increased ACE2 expression, as well as decreased expression of angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) and phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(p38 MAPK).
Thus, RA can protect against cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis following MI, likely due to decreasing ACE expression and increasing ACE2 expression via AT1R/ p38 MAPK pathway.
J Agric Food Chem. 2016 Aug 19. Epub 2016 Aug 19. PMID: 27538767
- [15] Effect of rosmarinic acid on the arterial blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive rats: Role of ACE.
RESULTS:
(1) rosmarinic acid caused systolic blood pressure dose-dependent decrease in hypertensive rats;
(2) The angiotensin I dose-response curves demonstrated that rosmarinic acid promotes minor changes in systolic blood pressure only in the hypertensive group;
CONCLUSION:
The rosmarinic acid is effective in reducing blood pressure, selectively, only in hypertensive animals.
The rosmarinic acid (173µM) promoted almost a 98.96% reduction on angiotensin-converting enzyme activity.
Phytomedicine. 2018 Jan 1 ;38:158-165. Epub 2017 Feb 24. PMID: 29425648
- [16] Rosmarinic acid inhibits proliferation and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells SMMC 7721 via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway.
OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the effect of rosmarinic acid (RosA) on hepatocellular carcinoma cell in vivo and in vitro and to explore its possible mechanism of anti-hepatocarcinoma.
RESULTS:
RosA significantly inhibited the proliferation of SMMC-7721 cells and induced G1 arrest and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner.
RosA might inhibit cell invasion by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
CONCLUSION:
RosA can inhibit the proliferation and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cell in vitro and inhibit tumour growth in vivo and the mechanism may relate to inhibiting the activation of PI3K/AKT signal pathway.
Biomed Pharmacother. 2019 Sep 18 ;120:109443. Epub 2019 Sep 18. PMID: 31541884
- [17] Rosmarinic Acid Attenuates Airway Inflammation and Hyperresponsiveness in a Murine Model of Asthma.
Rosmarinic acid (RA) has numerous pharmacologic effects, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects.
The results demonstrated that RA markedly inhibited increases in inflammatory cells and Th2 cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), significantly reduced the total IgE and Ova-specific IgE concentrations, and greatly ameliorated airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) compared with the control Ova-induced mice.
Histological analyses showed that RA substantially decreased the number of inflammatory cells and mucus hypersecretion in the airway.
These findings suggest that RA may effectively delay the progression of airway inflammation.
Molecules. 2016 ;21(6). Epub 2016 Jun 13. PMID: 27304950
- [18] Rosmarinic Acid Potently Detoxifies Amylin Amyloid and Ameliorates Diabetic Pathology in a Transgenic Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes.
Protein aggregation is associated with a large number of human protein-misfolding diseases, yet FDA-approved drugs are currently not available.
Amylin amyloid and plaque depositions in the pancreas are hallmark features of type 2 diabetes.
Moreover, these amyloid deposits are implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications such as neurodegeneration.
Rosmarinic Acid has significant efficacy in reducing human amylin oligomer levels in HIP rat sera as well as in sera from diabetic patients.
Efficacy studies of RA treatment with the diabetic HIP rat model demonstrated significant reduction in amyloid islet deposition and strong mitigation of diabetic pathology.
Our work provides new molecular mechanisms and efficacy insights for a model nutraceutical agent (or ‘bioceutical'; natural compound showing therapeutic or prophylactic efficacy) against type 2 diabetes and other aging-related protein-misfolding diseases.
ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2021 Aug 13 ;4(4):1322-1337. Epub 2021 Jul 21. PMID: 34423269
- [19] Preventive effects of Salvia officinalis L. against learning and memory deficit induced by diabetes in rats: Possible hypoglycaemic and antioxidant mechanisms.
Learning and memory impairment occurs in diabetes.
Salvia officinalis L. (SO) has been used in Iranian traditional medicine as a remedy against diabetes.
Diabetes induced deficits in acquisition and retrieval processes.
SO (600 and 800mg/kg) and rosmarinic acid reversed learning and memory deficits induced by diabetes and improved cognition of healthy rats.
SO prevented diabetes-induced acquisition and memory deficits through inhibiting hyperglycemia, lipid peroxidation as well as enhancing antioxidant defense systems. Therefore, SO and its principal constituent rosmarinic acid represent a potential therapeutic option against diabetic memory impairment which deserves consideration and further examination.
Neurosci Lett. 2016 Apr 22 ;622:72-77. Epub 2016 Apr 22. PMID: 27113201
- [20] Rosmarinic acid-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in triple-negative breast cancer cells.
Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a polyphenolic compound with various pharmacological properties, including, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective, as well as having antioxidant and anticancer activities.
Results obtained show that RA significantly caused cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects in both cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner.
Remarkably, RA induced cell cycle arrest-related apoptosis and altered the expression of many apoptosis-involved genes differently.
In conclusion, the data suggest that the polyphenol Rosmarinic Acid may have a potential role in TNBC therapies, particularly in MDA-MB-468 cells.
Eur J Pharmacol. 2020 Aug 1:173419. Epub 2020 Aug 1. PMID: 32750370
- [21] Screening out the anti-insomnia components from Prunella vulgaris L. based on plasma pharmacochemistry combined with pharmacodynamic experiments and UPLC-MS/MS analysis.
P. vulgaris have been reported to have anti-insomnia effects.
CONCLUSIONS:
This study clarified that mangiferin, rosmarinic acid and salviaflaside were considered as the anti-insomnia components of P. vulgaris.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2021 Oct 28 ;279:114373. Epub 2021 Jun 26. PMID: 34181959
______________________________________
Berries
♦ Many berries are prized for their health benefits while also being very delicious.
Modern science has identified an ‘active ingredient’ called Resveratrol, which scientific studies has shown to have highly therapeutic and prophylactic properties.
Thousands of scientific studies have documented the manifold prophylactic and therapeutic benefits of Resveratrol and include amongst others:
Cancer, Cardiovascular disease, lowering of Blood Pressure, LDL lowering, improvement of Cognitive Functions, prevention of Neurodegenerative disease, Diabetes, Arthritis, Longevity, etc.
♦ Sources of Resveratrol!
Table of various berries and their Resveratrol * content:
Berry, Fruit, Vegetable | Resveratrol in mcg/g |
---|---|
Mulberry | 50.61 |
Cranberries | 19.2 |
Red Currants | 15.7 |
Raisins | 5.5 - 18.6 |
Red Wine ** | 2.0 – 13.8 |
Red Grapes ** | 1.5 – 12.5 |
Peanuts boiled *** | 1.77 – 7.11 |
Blueberries | 3.83 |
Strawberries | 3.5 |
Red Cabbage | 2.5 |
- * Resveratrol is easily absorbed in the gut, but is also quickly metabolised leading to formation of conjugated sulfates and glucuronides so the bioavailability is limited.
This is equally true for resveratrol from natural foods as for supplement concentrates.
However a study [α] concluded that the co-consumption of 10 mg/kg piperine, i.e. an amount of pepper providing the equivalent of piperine, will drastically increase the bioavailability, where an 1,544% increase of maximum serum concentration was recorded. - ** Content is very dependent upon type of grape, soil, growing condition, etc.
- *** Boiled Peanuts are much healthier and contain more nutrients like resveratrol, etc.
- Alzheimer's Disease [1][3]
- Anti-ageing, Longevity [13][21]
- Bone Density [19]
- Bowel Inflammation, Ulcerative Colitis [18]
- Cancer [17]
- Cardiovascular Disease [6]
- Cholesterol LDL [6]
- Cognitive Dysfunction, Sleep Deprivation-Induced [11]
- Colon, Colorectal Cancer [7][9]
- Diabetes [12][22]
- Hypertension/High Blood Pressure [2][6]
- Intestinal Inflammation [16]
- Liver; Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease [20]
- Liver Cancer [10]
- Lung Cancer [4]
- Male Reproductive Health, Sperm production/motility [15]
- Mental acuity, Cognition/Cerebrovascular function [8]
- Neuro Degenerative Diseases [3]
- Parkinson's Disease [3]
- Prostate Cancer [14]
- Rheumatoid Arthritis [5]
- and others
- [α] Enhancing the bioavailability of resveratrol by combining it with piperine
Methods and results:
Mice were administered resveratrol (100 mg/kg; oral gavage)
or resveratrol (100 mg/kg; oral gavage) + piperine (10 mg/kg; oral gavage),
and the serum levels of resveratrol and resveratrol-3-O-β-D-glucuronide were analyzed at different times.
We found that the degree of exposure (i.e. AUC) to resveratrol was enhanced to 229% and the maximum serum concentration (Cmax) was increased to 1544% with the addition of piperine.
Conclusion:
Our study demonstrated that piperine significantly improves the in vivo bioavailability of resveratrol.
Jeremy J. Johnson,Minakshi Nihal,Imtiaz A. Siddiqui,Cameron O. Scarlett,Howard H. Bailey,Hasan Mukhtar,Nihal Ahmad
- [1] Resveratrol as a Potential Therapeutic Candidate for the Treatment and Management of Alzheimer's Disease
Resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene) is a naturally occurring phytochemical present in red wine, grapes, berries, chocolate and peanuts.
Clinically, resveratrol has exhibited significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anti-cancer properties.
Resveratrol has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in several in vitro and in vivo models of AD (Alzheimer's Disease).
Apart from its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles, evidence suggests that resveratrol also facilitates non-amyloidogenic breakdown of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), and promotes removal of neurotoxic amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides, a critical step in preventing and slowing down AD pathology.
Resveratrol also reduces damage to neuronal cells via a variety of additional mechanisms, most notably is the activation of NAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylases enzymes, termed sirtuins.
PMID: 26845555 DOI: 10.2174/1568026616666160204121431
- [2] Effect of resveratrol on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Results:
Six studies comprising a total of 247 subjects were included in our meta-analysis.
The overall outcome of the meta-analysis indicates that resveratrol consumption can not significantly reduce SBP and DBP.
Subgroup analyses indicated that higher-dose of resveratrol consumption (≥ 150 mg/d) significantly reduces SBP of -11.90 mmHg (95% CI: -20.99, -2.81 mmHg, P = 0.01), whereas lower dose of resveratrol did not show a significant lowering effect on SBP.
Conclusions:
The present meta-analysis indicates that resveratrol consumption significantly decreases the SBP level at the higher dose, while resveratrol has no significant effects on DBP levels.
PMID: 24731650 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.03.009
- [3] Multiplicity of effects and health benefits of resveratrol
Resveratrol is mainly found in grapes and red wine, also in some plants and fruits, such as peanuts, cranberries, pistachios, blueberries and bilberries.
Moreover, nowadays this compound is available as purified preparation and dietary supplement.
Resveratrol provides a wide range of benefits, including cardiovascular protective, antiplatelet, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, blood glucose-lowering and anticancer activities, hence it exhibits a complex mode of action.
It has been reported that this compound has low toxicity as it was well tolerated in the short-term experiments performed in humans.
Recent clinical trials proved that resveratrol is well-tolerated and pharmacologically safe at doses up to 5 g/day.
Concluding remarks
Thousands of basic science experiments in vitro and in animal models suggest low toxicity and many positive effects of resveratrol.
Resveratrol has also been entitled as a natural therapeutic agent with pharmacological potential in various neurodegenerative impairments including Alzheimer's, Huntington's, Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and alcohol-induced neurodegenerative disorder.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medici.2016.03.003
- [b4] Resveratrol in lung cancer- a systematic review.
Resveratrol, a phytochemical known for its anti- oxidative properties has been explored worldwide for anticancer potential.
We performed this systematic review and meta-analysis in order to register the efficacy of resveratrol against lung carcinogenesis.
In all of the above studies involving either animal models or in vitro cancer cell experiments a statistically significant reduction in tumor incidence emerged as compared with the control groups, yielding a relative risk reduction of 0.64 (p=0.002).
CONCLUSION:
It can be concluded that resveratrol holds a good potential for future use as a highly efficient therapeutic agent to deal with deadly lung carcinogenesis.
J BUON. 2016 Jul-Aug;21(4):950-953. PMID: 27685918
- [5] The pharmacological assessment of resveratrol on preclinical models of rheumatoid arthritis through a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Resveratrol/RES (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a natural compound found in many food items and red wine, which exhibits pleiotropic biological effects.
This meta-analysis suggests that RES can be a clinically effective therapy for RA (Rheumatoid Arthritis), pending clinical trials.
Eur J Pharmacol. 2021 Nov 5 ;910:174504. Epub 2021 Sep 11. PMID: 34520733
- [6] The effects of resveratrol intervention on risk markers of cardiovascular health in overweight and obese subjects: a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials.
RESULTS:
Resveratrol intervention significantly lowered total cholesterol (WMD, -0.19 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.32 to -0.06; P = 0.004),
systolic blood pressure (WMD, -2.26 mmHg; 95% CI, -4.82 to -0.49; P = 0.02),
and fasting glucose (WMD, -0.22 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.42 to -0.03; P = 0.03).
Our subgroup analysis showed significant reductions in total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, glucose, and insulin in subjects ingesting higher dose of resveratrol (≥300 mg/day).
CONCLUSION:
Our finding provides evidence that daily resveratrol consumption might be a candidate as an adjunct to pharmacological management to better prevent and control cardiovascular disease in overweight/obese individuals.
Obes Rev. 2016 Jul 26. Epub 2016 Jul 26. PMID: 27456934
- [7] Effects of a grape-supplemented diet on proliferation and Wnt signaling in the colonic mucosa are greatest for those over age 50 and with high arginine consumption.
A diet rich in fruits and vegetables, and a grape-derived compound, resveratrol, have been linked to a reduced incidence of colon cancer.
Thirty participants were placed on a low resveratrol diet and subsequently allocated to one of three groups ingesting 1/3-to-1 lb (0.15-0.45 kg) of grapes per day for 2 weeks.
Dietary information was collected via 24-h recall.
Colon biopsies for biomarker analysis were obtained pre- and post-grape and evaluated for the expression of Wnt pathway target genes and for markers of proliferation by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry.
The reduction in Wnt signaling and mucosal proliferation seen following short-term ingestion of 1/3-1 lb (0.15-0.45 kg) of grapes per day may reduce the risk of mutational events that can facilitate colon carcinogenesis.
The potential benefit is most marked for high-risk older individuals and individuals whose diet is high in arginine intake.
Dietary grape supplementation may play a role in colon cancer prevention for high-risk individuals.
Nutr J. 2015 ;14(1):62. Epub 2015 Jun 19. PMID: 26085034
- [8] Long-term effects of resveratrol on cognition, cerebrovascular function and cardio-metabolic markers in postmenopausal women: A 24-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.
Ageing and menopause contribute to endothelial dysfunction, causing impaired cerebral perfusion, which is in turn associated with accelerated cognitive decline.
In a 14-week pilot study, we showed that supplementation with low-dose resveratrol, a phytoestrogen that can enhance endothelial function, improved cerebrovascular and cognitive functions in postmenopausal women.
A 24-month randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial was undertaken in 125 postmenopausal women, aged 45-85 years, who took 75 mg trans-resveratrol or placebo twice-daily for 12 months and then crossover to the alternative treatment for another 12 months.
Compared to placebo, resveratrol supplementation resulted a significant 33% improvement in overall cognitive performance (Cohen's d = 0.170, P = 0.005).
Women ≥65 years of age showed a relative improvement in verbal memory with resveratrol compared to those younger than 65 years.
Regular supplementation with low-dose resveratrol can enhance cognition, cerebrovascular function and insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women.
This may translate into a slowing of the accelerated cognitive decline due to ageing and menopause, especially in late-life women.
Clin Nutr. 2021 03 ;40(3):820-829. Epub 2020 Aug 27. PMID: 32900519
- [9] Clinical pharmacology of resveratrol and its metabolites in colorectal cancer patients.
Resveratrol is a phytochemical with chemo-preventive activity in preclinical rodent models of colorectal carcinogenesis.
Consumption of resveratrol reduced tumor cell proliferation by 5% (P = 0.05).
The results suggest that daily p.o. doses of resveratrol at 0.5 or 1.0 g produce levels in the human gastrointestinal tract of an order of magnitude sufficient to elicit anti-carcinogenic effects.
Resveratrol merits further clinical evaluation as a potential colorectal cancer chemo-preventive agent.
Antiviral Res. 2008 Feb;77(2):153-6. Epub 2007 Oct 8. PMID: 20841478
- [10] Alteration of Hepatic Proinflammatory Cytokines is Involved in the Resveratrol-Mediated Chemoprevention of Chemically-Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)(Liver Cancer), one of the most common cancers in the world, is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality.
HCC develops most frequently in the background of oxidative stress and chronic hepatic inflammation due to viral infections, alcohol abuse as well as exposure to environmental and dietary carcinogens.
As the prognosis of HCC is extremely poor and mostly unresponsive to current chemotherapeutic treatment regimens, novel preventive approaches like chemoprevention are urgently needed.
As cytokines are considered to be important mediators of inflammation, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of resveratrol on hepatic cytokines during DENA-initiated hepatocarcinogenesis in rats.
Liver samples were harvested from our previous study in which resveratrol (50, 100 and 300 mg/kg) was found to exert a chemopreventive action against rat liver tumorigenesis induced by DENA.
Resveratrol treatment reversed the DENA-induced alteration of the level and expression of hepatic TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6.
From the current results in conjunction with our previous findings, it can be concluded that resveratrol-mediated chemoprevention of rat liver carcinogenesis is related to alteration of proinflammatory cytokines.
Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2011 Apr 5. Epub 2011 Apr 5. PMID: 21466437
- [11] Novel Application of Brain-Targeting Polyphenol Compounds in Sleep Deprivation-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction.
Sleep deprivation produces deficits in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and hippocampal-dependent memory storage.
We found that Bioactive Dietary Polyphenol Preparation BDPP significantly improves sleep deprivation-induced contextual memory deficits, possibly through the activation of CREB and mTOR signaling pathways.
Our data suggests the feasibility of using select brain-targeting polyphenol compounds derived from BDPP as potential therapeutic agents in promoting resilience against sleep deprivation-induced cognitive dysfunction.
Neurochem Int. 2015 Jul 30. Epub 2015 Jul 30. PMID: 26235983
- [12] Mechanisms underlying vascular effect of chronic resveratrol in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.
In this study, some underlying mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effect of chronic oral administration of resveratrol on aortic reactivity of streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats were investigated.
Male diabetic rats received resveratrol (10 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks, 1 week after diabetes induction.
Treatment of diabetic rats with resveratrol produced a hypoglycaemic effect and there were appropriate changes regarding serum lipids.
Resveratrol also attenuated the increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content and reduced activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver and aortic tissues.
Chronic treatment with resveratrol may prevent diabetes-related changes in vascular reactivity observed in diabetic rats directly and/or indirectly due to its hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects and attenuation of lipid peroxidation and through endothelial-derived factors.
Phytother Res. 2009 Dec 9. PMID: 20013818
- [13] Resveratrol and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D co-administration protects the heart against D-galactose-induced aging in rats: evaluation of serum and cardiac levels of klotho.
The current study investigates the cooperative cardioprotective effect of calcitriol (active form of vitamin D) combined with resveratrol in a rat model of D-galactose (D.gal)-induced aging.
It could be concluded that co-administration of resveratrol and vitamin D protects the heart against aging-induced damage by the modulation of hemodynamic parameters and antioxidant status of the heart.
Furthermore, increased serum level of klotho could be a novel mechanism for antiaging effects of resveratrol and vitamin D.
Aging Clin Exp Res. 2018 Nov 27. Epub 2018 Nov 27. PMID: 30484255
- [14] Liposome encapsulation of curcumin and resveratrol in combination reduces prostate cancer incidence in PTEN knockout mice.
Increasing interest in the use of phytochemicals to reduce prostate cancer led us to investigate 2 potential agents, curcumin and resveratrol as preventive agents.
Findings from this study for the first time provide evidence on phytochemicals in combination to enhance chemopreventive efficacy in prostate cancer. These findings clearly suggest that phytochemicals in combination may reduce prostate cancer incidence due to the loss of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN.
Int J Cancer. 2009 Jul 1;125(1):1-8. PMID: 19326431
- [15] Benzo(a)pyrene Induced p53 Mediated Male Germ Cell Apoptosis: Synergistic Protective Effects of Curcumin and Resveratrol.
Curcumin and resveratrol are phytochemicals with cytoprotective and anti-oxidative properties.
At the same time resveratrol is also a natural Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) antagonist.
Our present study in isolated testicular germ cell population from adult male Wistar rats, highlighted the synergistic protective effect of curcumin and resveratrol against B(a)P induced p53 mediated germ cell apoptosis.
Curcumin-resveratrol significantly prevented B(a)P induced decrease in sperm cell count and motility, as well as increased serum testosterone level.
Curcumin-resveratrol co-treatment actively protected B(a)P induced testicular germ cell apoptosis.
The study concludes that curcumin-resveratrol synergistically modulated MAPKs and p53, prevented oxidative stress, regulated the expression of pro and anti-apoptotic proteins as well as the proteins involved in B(a)P metabolism thus protected germ cells from B(a)P induced apoptosis.
Front Pharmacol. 2016 ;7:245. Epub 2016 Aug 8. PMID: 27551266
- [16] Curcumin and Resveratrol Regulate Intestinal Bacteria and Alleviate Intestinal Inflammation in Weaned Piglets.
Human infants or piglets are vulnerable to intestinal microbe-caused disorders and inflammation due to their rapidly changing gut microbiota and immaturity of their immune systems at weaning.
Resveratrol and curcumin have significant anti-inflammatory, bacteria-regulating and immune-promoting effects.
Both curcumin and resveratrol down-regulated the level of Toll-like-receptor 4 mRNA and protein expression in the intestine to inhibit the release of critical inflammation molecules (interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α), and increase the secretion of immunoglobulin.
Our results suggested that curcumin and resveratrol can regulate weaned piglet gut microbiota, down-regulate the TLR4 signaling pathway, alleviate intestinal inflammation, and ultimately increase intestinal immune function.
Molecules. 2019 Mar 28 ;24(7). Epub 2019 Mar 28. PMID: 30925757
- [17] TriCurin, a synergistic formulation of curcumin (Turmeric), resveratrol (Red Berries), and epicatechin gallate (Green Tea), repolarizes tumor-associated macrophages and triggers an immune response to cause suppression of HPV+ tumors.
Our earlier studies reported a unique potentiated combination (TriCurin) of curcumin (C) with two other polyphenols.
The TriCurin-associated C displays an IC50 in the low micromolar range for cultured HPV+ TC-1 cells.
In contrast, because of rapid degradation in vivo, the TriCurin-associated C reaches only low nano-molar concentrations in the plasma, which are sub-lethal to tumor cells.
Yet, injected TriCurin causes a dramatic suppression of tumors in TC-1 cell-implanted mice (TC-1 mice) and xenografts of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) cells in nude/nude mice.
Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2018 Feb 16. Epub 2018 Feb 16. PMID: 29453519
- [18] Dietary supplementation of resveratrol attenuates chronic colonic inflammation in mice.
Ulcerative colitis is a nonspecific inflammatory disorder characterized by oxidative and nitrosative stress, leucocyte infiltration and upregulation of inflammatory mediators. Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound found in grapes and wine, with multiple pharmacological actions, mainly anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumour and immunomodulatory activities.
Our results demonstrated that resveratrol group significantly attenuated the clinical signs such as loss of body weight, diarrhea and rectal bleeding improving results from disease activity index and inflammatory score.
Moreover, the totality of resveratrol-fed animals survived and finished the treatment while animals fed with standard diet showed a mortality of 40%.
We conclude that resveratrol diet represents a novel approach to the treatment of chronic intestinal inflammation.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(1):142-50. PMID: 20132809
- [19] Effect of prior treatment with resveratrol on density and structure of rat long bones under tail-suspension.
Physical inactivity during space flight or prolonged bed rest causes rapid and marked loss of bone mass in humans.
Resveratrol, a red wine polyphenol that is currently under study for its therapeutic antioxidant properties, has been shown to significantly modulate biomarkers of bone metabolism, i.e., to promote osteoblast differentiation and to prevent bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency.
Rats were treated with 400 mg/kg/day of resveratrol for 45 days and half of them were suspended during the last 2 weeks of treatment.
Suspension caused a decrease in tibial and femoral Bone Mass Density and deterioration of trabecular and cortical bone.
Bone deterioration during suspension was paralleled by increased bone marrow area, which could be caused by an increase in stromal cells with osteoclastogenic potential or in adipocytes.
Resveratrol had a preventive effect against bone loss induced by hindlimb immobilization.
In particular, trabecular bone in the proximal tibial metaphysis was totally preserved in rats treated with resveratrol before tail-suspension.
Neurology. 2007 Feb 20;68(8):563-8. PMID: 20458604
- [20] Resveratrol alleviates alcoholic fatty liver in mice.
Resveratrol, a dietary polyphenol, has been identified as a potent activator for both SIRT1 and AMPK.
In conclusion, resveratrol treatment led to reduced lipid synthesis and increased rates of fatty acid oxidation and prevented alcoholic liver steatosis.
Our study suggests that resveratrol may serve as a promising agent for preventing or treating human alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2008 Oct;295(4):G833-42. Epub 2008 Aug 28. PMID: 18755807
- [21] Differential effects of resveratrol and SRT1720 on lifespan of adult Caenorhabditis elegans.
At a dose of 5 micromolar, which is pharmacologically relevant and 20 times lower than previously published concentrations, resveratrol significantly extends C. elegans lifespan by 3.6% (mean lifespan) and 3.4% (maximum lifespan).
Thus, in the model organisms C. elegans, resveratrol is capable of promoting longevity at a concentration that pharmacologically relevant and 20 times lower than previously published doses.
Horm Metab Res. 2010 Nov;42(12):837-9. Epub 2010 Oct 5. PMID: 20925017
- [22] Antidiabetic activity of resveratrol, a known SIRT1 activator in a genetic model for type-2 diabetes.
The results showed that resveratrol exhibited significant antihyperglycemic activity with an improvement in the insulin levels compared with the control mice. There was also a significant improvement observed in the glucose excursion in the oral glucose tolerance test performed for 120 min;
The present findings suggest that resveratrol is an antihyperglycemic agent and drugs similar to resveratrol can be considered as an effective therapeutic adjuvant for the current treatment of diabetes mellitus.
Phytother Res. 2011 Jan;25(1):67-73. PMID: 20623590
______________________________________
Vitamin D
The importance of Vitamin D and why you should ensure that you always obtain sufficient Vitamin D by solar and dietary means!
Vitamin D referred to in studies as 25-hydroxyvitamin D measured as serum 25(OH) D in ng/ml, and sometimes as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
Note: this is not medical advice; do your own research and consult an appropriate health professional like a Naturopath who always aims to treat the cause, not just the symptoms as today's allopathic medicine does.
• Everyone knows that we get Vitamin D from the Sun.
The two forms of Vitamin D are D2, Ergocalciferol, and D3, Cholecalciferol.
D3 is the kind we get when we are directly exposed to sun rays.
The sun’s Ultraviolet B rays, UVB, convert Cholesterol in your skin endogenously into Vitamin D3.
✘ See Footnote [α] below
The body then stores excess Vitamin D in Fat Cells, while the Liver and Kidneys convert it as needed through a process called hydroxylation into Calcitriol to be utilised by the body’s cells.
✘ See Footnote [β] below
Most cells in the body have a receptor for this Vitamin and hence it is used by the body for large range of functions.
Vitamin D is Fat soluble and is stored in the Liver and adipose tissue (fat), thus it can accumulate in these cells and taking too much of this Vitamin can cause toxicity over time due to the slow elimination or usage-depletion of this Vitamin.
- The standard recommendation is to have a concentration of between 20 and 50 nanograms / milliliter, ng/mL, of Calcitriol/Vitamin D in your blood.
Another measure is nano mol, where:
• 1 nmol/L = 0.4 ng/mL,
and visa-versa
• 1 ng/mL = 2.5 nmol/L.
A range of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] Concentrations is given as follows:
ng/mL | nmol/L | Level |
---|---|---|
>60ng/mL | 150nmol/L | consider high or too high ** |
20 – 50ng/mL | 50 - 125nmol/L | Normal Range |
<20ng/mL | 50nmol/L | considered too low and supplementation should be implemented |
<12ng/mL | 30nmol/L | acute deficiency |
** Note that some Protocols for the prevention and treatment of Covid-19 and for the elimination of the Spike Protein being injected with these ‘Covid-Vaccines’ call for concentrations of 100mg/mL as a short term, e.g. 21 days, counter measure!
Maintenance Dosage:
- 1 Capsule of 1.25 mg Cholecalciferol / Vitamin D3 per month
or 100 mcg (micro grams) or 400 IU, per Day of Cholecalciferol, i.e. Vitamin D3.
Vitamin D has many functions:
- Anti-Inflammatory Agent
- Keeping the Lungs free of infections due to its anti-inflammatory properties
- Prevention of High Blood Pressure; the higher the Vitamin D concentration the more likely Blood Pressure stays normal
- Brain acuity; low Vitamin D has been associated with cognitive impairment.
- Keeping the Kidneys healthy and aiding its vital functions
- Keeping a normal Weight level. Low levels of Vitamin D are impairing the ‘Appetite Hormone’ Leptin, to cause Food cravings leading to obesity.
- Vitamin D aids in the absorption of Calcium and Phosphate which is essential for healthy bones.
Insufficient Vitamin D causes Osteomalacia i.e. soft Bones, Osteoporosis and rickets in children i.e. deformation of the bones.
This is via a process governed by the Parathyroid which balances the Calcium in the body; if there is insufficient Vitamin D the Parathyroid withdraws Calcium from the Bones to maintain the appropriate level. - Modulation of Cell growth
- Glucose metabolism
♦ Adequate levels of Vitamin D3 can prevent and/or treat:
- All Cause mortality [13][15][16][37]
- Alzheimer (AD) [9][12][17]
- Arthritis (Rheumatoid) [38]
- Asthma [10][35]
- Atopic Dermatitis [19]
- Bone Fractures (in elderly persons) [34]
- Breast cancer [25][43]
- Cancer [1][3][4][16][36]
- Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) [13][16][26]
- Chronic Rhinosinusitis [11]
- Cognitive abilities, IQ, Mental acquity [44]
- Colorectal Cancer [24]
- Covid-19 infection [31][39]
- Crohn's Disease [20]
- Dementia [12][17]
- Diabetes [20][28]
- Heart failure (chronic) [23][40]
- Hypertension [14]
- Inflammatory Bowel Disorder [33]
- Influenza [22]
- Kidney disease [20]
- Liver disease [30]
- Low Life expectancy [13]
- Menopausal complications (climacteric symptoms) [42]
- Multiple Sclerosis [20]
- Obesity [20]
- Osteoporosis [20]
- Parkinson's Disease [18]
- Pneumonia [21]
- Pre-term Birth (PTB) [32]
- Sleep disorder [29]
- Urinary Tract Infections [27]
♦ Vitamin D is a very important component of Covid-19 or Influenza/Cold prevention Protocols!
Read more here!
Vitamin D deficiency can have many symptoms:
- Frequently catching a Cold/Flu
- Asthma [10]
- Tiredness and low energy
- Lower Back pain and general pain of the bones
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Type 1 & 2 Diabetes
- MS, Multiple Sclerosis
- Cancer
- Depression, Anxiety and Moodiness.
- Hypocalcemic Tetany; i.e. Muscle Cramps
- Loss of Hair particularly in women
- Osteoporosis, Osteomalacia
The official Recommended Daily Allowance, RDA, is:
Person | Dosage | max Dosage |
---|---|---|
Adults | 600 IU | not exceeding 4,000 IU |
Over 70 years | 800 IU | not exceeding 4,000 IU |
Babies 0 – 6 months | 300 IU | not exceeding 1,000 IU |
Babies 6 – 12 months | 400 IU | not exceeding 1,500 IU |
Children 1 – 3 years | 600 IU | not exceeding 2,500 IU |
Children 4 – 10 years | 600 IU | not exceeding 3,000 IU |
• Please not that whole-body exposure to the sun for a day,without getting sun-burnt, can provide the equivalent of 20,000 IU, depending on the person's type of skin, cholesterol levels, time of year, and latitude.
A day in the sun in the tropics can provide up to 40,000 IU equivalent of Vitamin D3. [1][2]
• Also not that much higher daily doses can be administered as per studies:
Doses of more than 50,000 IU per day raise levels of 25-hydroxyvita-min D to more than 150 ng per milliliter and are associated with hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia.
Doses of 10,000 IU of vitamin D3 per day for up to 5 months, however, do not cause toxicity.
• During pregnancy women were administered 4,000 IU/day during the entire course of pregnancy and this was found to the most adequate supplementation whereas lower dosages were deemed insufficient. [41]
Dietary sources of Vitamin D are:
Food | Measure | IU | % of RDA |
---|---|---|---|
Cod-Liver Oil | 1 Tablespoon | 1,300 IU | 215 % of RDA |
Salmon | 100 grams | 520 IU | 86 % of RDA |
White Mushrooms; grown with sun exposure | ½ Cup | 360 IU | 60% of RDA |
Tuna canned | 100 grams | 180 IU | 30% of RDA |
Mackerel | 100 grams | 80 IU | 13% of RDA |
Beef Liver | 100 grams | 48 IU | 8% of RDA |
Egg Yolk | 1 Yolk | 40 IU | 6.5% of RDA |
Mushrooms | 1 Cup | 33 IU | 5.5% of RDA |
Conversion of µg to IU
- Cholecalciferol: 1 µg per 40 IU
For a RDA of 800 this equates to 20µg of Cholecalciferol or 0.02 mg
✘ Footnotes
• Footnote [α]
This process is highly dependent upon the physiology of the individual. Some people, elderly in particular, have thin skin and low subcutaneous fat tissue and thus get insufficient Vitamin D3 from this process.
Also for dark skinned people the high Melanin content in the Epidermis prevents the sun's UVB radiation to produce sufficient Vitamin D3.
• Footnote [β]
Vitamin D obtained from sun exposure, foods, and supplements is biologically inert and must undergo two hydroxylations in the body for activation. The first hydroxylation, which occurs in the liver, converts vitamin D to 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], also known as “calcidiol.”
The second hydroxylation occurs primarily in the kidney and forms the physiologically active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], also known as “calcitriol”.
♦ Bibliography
- [1] Prospective Study of Predictors of Vitamin D Status and Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Men
From 1986 through January 31, 2000, we documented 4286 incident cancers (excluding organ-confined prostate cancer and non-melanoma skin cancer) and 2025 deaths from cancer. From multivariable models, an increment of 25 nmol/L in predicted 25(OH)D level was associated with a 17% reduction in total cancer incidence.
Solar UV-B radiation is the major source of vitamin D for most people. Being exposed to enough UV-B radiation to cause a slight pinkness to the skin in light-skinned persons with most of the skin uncovered (i.e., one minimal erythemal dose) produces a plasma vitamin D response equivalent to an oral dose of 20 000 IU of vitamin D
• Link!
.
- [2] Benefits of Vitamin D Supplementation
People with adequate levels from sun exposure will not benefit from supplementation. While dietary intake is helpful, supplementation is better able to raise serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D , the major circulating metabolite, to the level now thought adequate, 30-50 ng/mL.
Where there is inadequate daily sun exposure, oral doses of 1,000-2,000 IU/d are now considered routine, with much higher doses (up to 50,000 IU) for rapid repletion now considered safe.
Typical levels in adults are 18 ng/mL in winter and 30 ng/mL in summer, while 100 ng/mL may be attained with daily high sun exposure with no ill effects if no sunburn occurs.
Excess sun exposure does not cause vitamin D toxicity because excess UV-B degrades it, by an known biochemical pathway.
Of those with the highest quartile of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (28 ng/mL), 13% died.
Of those with the lowest quartile of 25- hydroxyvitamin D (8 ng/mL), 37% died.
Because of the results of trials described above, as well as results showing that parathyroid hormone levels reach a minimum with 25- hydroxyvitamin D levels of 30-40 ng/mL, and because people who live or work in the sun have levels of 50-70 ng/mL, many recommendations are for these higher levels.
Vitamin D intoxication is observed when serum levels are >150 ng/mL; however, sunlight never allows such levels to be reached because of a biochemical feedback reaction, and supplementation in the deficient rarely allows such levels to be reached. Signs of Vitamin D toxicity include headache, weakness, nausea and vomiting, and constipation. Calcium deposits in soft tissues can occur. Attempts to justify efforts to find patentable analogs of vitamin D exaggerate its hypercalcemic effects.
A recent review concluded that 10,000 IU/d of D is safe in adults.
• Link!
.
- [3] Vitamin D and lung cancer risk: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis
Current data suggest an inverse association between serum vitamin D and lung cancer risk.
A high vitamin D intake was inversely correlated with the lung cancer risk.
The linearity model of the dose-response analysis indicated that with every 100 IU/day increase in vitamin D intake, the risk of lung cancer decreased by 2.4%
.
- [4] Apoptosis Is Induced by the Active Metabolite of Vitamin D3 and Its Analogue EB1089 in Colorectal Adenoma and Carcinoma Cells: Possible Implications for Prevention and Therapy
Vitamin D3 is believed to reduce the risk of colon cancer, and serum levels inversely correlate with colorectal cancer incidence. The active metabolite, 1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, has previously been shown to inhibit growth and promote differentiation of colon cancer cells.
.
- [5] Vitamin D and lung cancer risk: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis
Conclusion: Current data suggest an inverse association between serum vitamin D and lung cancer risk. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of vitamin D intake on lung cancer risk and to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation can prevent lung cancer.
PMID: 25967968 DOI: 10.1159/000374072
[6] Current data suggests an inverse association between serum vitamin D and lung cancer risk.
CONCLUSION: Current data suggest an inverse association between serum vitamin D and lung cancer risk. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of vitamin D intake on lung cancer risk and to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation can prevent lung cancer.
Cell Physiol Biochem. 2015 ;36(1):299-305. Epub 2015 May 4. PMID: 25967968
.
- [7] Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of bladder carcinoma in the present study.
CONCLUSION: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of bladder carcinoma in present study.
Cell Physiol Biochem. 2015 Nov 9 ;37(5):1686-1692. Epub 2015 Nov 9. PMID: 26545152
.
- [8] 25(OH)D may be associated with reduced risk of lung cancer, in particular among subjects with vitamin D deficiencies.
Mounting experimental evidence supports a protective effect of high 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), a good indicator of vitamin D status, on risk of various cancers including lung cancer.
CONCLUSION: This dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies suggests that 25(OH)D may be associated with reduced risk of lung cancer, in particular among subjects with vitamin D deficiencies.
Cancer Causes Control. 2015 Sep 10. Epub 2015 Sep 10. PMID: 26358829
.
- [9] Alzheimer's disease cases have lower serum vitamin D concentrations than matched controls.
In conclusion, AD cases had lower serum vitamin D concentrations than matched controls. This reinforces the conceptualization of vitamin D as a 'neurosteroid hormone' and as a potential biomarker of AD.
J Alzheimers Dis. 2012 Oct 5. Epub 2012 Oct 5. PMID: 23042216
.
- [10] Asthmatic children had lower 25(OH)D levels as compared to nonasthmatic children.
There is growing literature suggesting a link between Vitamin D deficiency and asthma in children
Lung India. 2017 Jul-Aug;34(4):355-363. PMID: 28671167
.
- [11] Association between serum vitamin D and chronic rhinosinusitis: a meta-analysis.
CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that serum vitamin D level might be associated with patients with chronic rhinosinusitis as we detected a significant association between lower serum vitamin D status and chronic rhinosinusitis, especially in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps patients.
Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2019 Oct 3. Epub 2019 Oct 3. PMID: 31653607
.
- [12] Available data indicates that lower vitamin D status may be associated with increased risk of developing AD and dementia.
In recent years, the associations between vitamin D status and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia have gained increasing interests. The present meta-analysis was designed to estimate the association between vitamin D deficiency and risk of developing AD and dementia.
CONCLUSION: Available data indicates that lower vitamin D status may be associated with increased risk of developing AD and dementia.
Nutr J. 2015 ;14(1):76. Epub 2015 Aug 1. PMID: 26231781
.
- [13] Being in the lowest quartile of vitamin D levels is associated with a 26% increased rate of all-cause mortality
In patients undergoing dialysis, therapy with calcitriol or paricalcitol or other vitamin D agents is associated with reduced mortality. Observational data suggests that low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (25[OH]D) are associated with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cancers.
CONCLUSION: The lowest quartile of 25(OH)D level (<17.8 ng/mL) is independently associated with all-cause mortality in the general population.
Arch Intern Med. 2008 Aug 11;168(15):1629-37. PMID: 18695076
.
- [14] Blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration is inversely associated with hypertension.
Increasing evidence indicates that vitamin D may influence the risk of hypertension, which is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We conducted a meta-analysis to quantitatively review and summarize the results on the association between blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and hypertension.
CONCLUSION: Findings from this meta-analysis indicate that blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration is inversely associated with hypertension.
J Hypertens. 2011 Apr;29(4):636-45. PMID: 21191311
.
- [15] Doubling global vitamin D levels could significantly reduce mortality.
The goal of this work is to estimate the reduction in mortality rates for six geopolitical regions of the world under the assumption that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels increase from 54 to 110 nmol/l.
Conclusions:Increasing serum 25(OH)D levels is the most cost-effective way to reduce global mortality rates, as the cost of vitamin D is very low and there are few adverse effects from oral intake and/or frequent moderate UVB irradiance with sufficient body surface area exposed.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011 Jul 6. Epub 2011 Jul 6. PMID: 21731036
.
- [16] Evidence from observational studies indicates inverse associations of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D with risks of death due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other causes.
CONCLUSIONS: Evidence from observational studies indicates inverse associations of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D with risks of death due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other causes. Supplementation with vitamin D3 significantly reduces overall mortality among older adults
BMJ. 2014 ;348:g1903. Epub 2014 Apr 1. PMID: 24690623
.
- [17] Higher levels of serum 25(OH)D was associated with a lower risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
CONCLUSION: Higher levels of serum 25(OH)D was associated with a lower risk of dementia and AD
Nutr Neurosci. 2018 Feb 15:1-10. Epub 2018 Feb 15. PMID: 29447107
.
- [18] Reduced exposure to sunlight were significantly associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease.
CONCLUSIONS Insufficiency and deficiency of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and reduced exposure to sunlight were significantly associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease.
Med Sci Monit. 2019 Jan 23 ;25:666-674. Epub 2019 Jan 23. PMID: 30672512
.
- [19] Supplementation with around 1600 IU/daily of 25-hydroxyvitamin D results in a clinically meaningful atopic dermatitis severity reduction.
Overall, the AD population, especially the paediatric subset, may be at high-risk for lower serum 25(OH)D. Supplementation with around 1600 IU/daily results in a clinically meaningful Atopic Dermatitis severity reduction.
[urlhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31405041]Nutrients. 2019 Aug 9 ;11(8). Epub 2019 Aug 9. PMID: 31405041[/url]
.
- [20] Vitamin D Deficiency
Doses of more than 50,000 IU per day raise levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to more than 150 ng per milliliter are associated with hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia.
Doses of 10,000 IU of vitamin D3 per day for up to 5 months, however, do not cause toxicity.
Exposure to one minimal erythemal dose while wearing only a bathing suit is equivalent to ingestion of approximately 20,000 IU of vitamin D2.
The skin has a great capacity to make vitamin D3, even in the elderly, to reduce the risk of fracture.
In patients with any stage of chronic kidney disease, 25-hydroxyvitamin D should be measured annually, and the level should be maintained at 30 ng per milliliter or higher, as recommended in the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines from the National Kidney Foundation.
Lactating women given 4000 IU of vitamin D3 per day not only had an increase in the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to more than 30 ng per milliliter but were also able to transfer enough vitamin D3 into their milk to satisfy an infant’s requirement.
Treatment
Adults, pregnant/lactating women, chronic kidney disease, lymphomas, obesity, hyperparathyroidism:
50,000 IU of vitamin D2 every wk for 8 weeks; repeat for another 8 wk if 25-hydroxyvitamin D <30 ng/ml
.
- [21] The evidence from this meta-analysis indicates an association between vitamin D deficiency and an increased risk of community-acquired pneumonia.
The evidence from this meta-analysis indicates an association between vitamin D deficiency and an increased risk of Community Acquired Pneumonia patients.
Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Sep ;98(38):e17252. PMID: 31567995
.
- [22] The meta-analysis produced a corroboration that vitamin D supplement has a preventive effect on influenza.
Vitamin D supplementation improves the immune function of human body and can be a convenient way to prevent influenza.
The study finding indicates that substitution with vitamin D significantly reduces the risk of influenza infections
Front Nutr. 2021 ;8:799709. Epub 2022 Jan 7. PMID: 35071300
.
- [23] The results showed that high dose vitamin D treatment could potentially benefit adults with chronic heart failure.
Vitamin D deficiency commonly occurs in chronic heart failure.
The results showed that high dose vitamin D treatment could potentially benefit adults with chronic heart failure
Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2019 Apr 16:1-10. Epub 2019 Apr 16. PMID: 30987550
.
- [24] There is a consistent inverse relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and colorectal cancer was found.
Epidemiological studies have suggested a reduced risk of several cancers associated with high vitamin D status. We performed a systematic review with meta-analyses of observational studies of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and colorectal, breast and prostate cancer and colonic adenoma.
In conclusion, a consistent inverse relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and colorectal cancer was found.
Int J Cancer. 2011 Mar 15 ;128(6):1414-24. PMID: 20473927
.
- [25] There is a highly significant linear dose-response relationship between circulating 25-OH-D levels and overall survival in patients with breast cancer.
Studies have shown that vitamin D could have a role in breast cancer survival
Our findings suggest that there is a highly significant linear dose-response relationship between circulating 25-OH-D levels and overall survival in patients with breast cancer.
Integr Cancer Ther. 2017 May 1:1534735417712007. Epub 2017 May 1. PMID: 28589744
.
- [26] This meta-analysis demonstrated the beneficial effects of vitamin D on improving glycemic control, HDL-cholesterol and CRP levels among patients with CVD.
BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and chronic inflammation are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Hence, vitamin D supplementation might be an appropriate approach to decrease the complications of CVD.
CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis demonstrated the beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation on improving glycemic control, HDL-cholesterol and CRP levels among patients with CVD
Curr Pharm Des. 2019 Mar 8. Epub 2019 Mar 8. PMID: 30854952
.
- [27] This meta-analysis indicated a significant association between vitamin D insufficiency and increased risk of Urinary Tract Infections.
This meta-analysis indicated a significant association between Vitamin D insufficiency and increased risk of UTI, especially in children.
Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2019 Jan ;49(1):134-142. PMID: 30814089
.
- [28] This meta-analysis indicates an association between vitamin D deficiency and an increased risk of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes patients.
In conclusion, the evidence from this meta-analysis indicates an association between vitamin D deficiency and an increased risk of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes patients.
Nutrients. 2017 Mar 20 ;9(3). Epub 2017 Mar 20. PMID: 28335514
.
- [29] This meta-analysis suggest that vitamin D deficiency is associated with a higher risk of sleep disorders.
This meta-analysis suggest that vitamin D deficiency is associated with a higher risk of sleep disorders.
Nutrients. 2018 Oct 1 ;10(10). Epub 2018 Oct 1. PMID: 30275418
.
- [30] This study determines the positive efficacy of vitamin D supplementation for chronic liver disease.
RESULTS: This meta-analysis will further determine the beneficial efficacy of VD supplementation on the progression of fibrosis in patients with CLD.
CONCLUSION: This study determines the positive efficacy of VD supplementation for CLD.
Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 May ;99(19):e20296. PMID: 32384521
.
- [31] Vitamin D deficiency aggravates COVID-19.
A vitamin D concentration insufficiency increased hospitalization and mortality from COVID-19.
We observed a positive association between vitamin D deficiency and the severity of the disease.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020 Nov 4:1-9. Epub 2020 Nov 4. PMID: 33146028
.
- [32] Vitamin D insufficiency was associated with risk of preterm birth.
CONCLUSIONS: We found vitamin D insufficiency to be associated with risk of PTB.
PLoS One. 2017 ;12(3):e0173605. Epub 2017 Mar 17. PMID: 28306725
.
- [33] Vitamin D levels are lower in IBD patients, suggesting that vitamin D plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disorder, IBD.
CONCLUSION: Our study shows that IBD patients have lower vitamin D levels. For active CD patients, vitamin D levels were low. These findings suggest that vitamin D may play an important role in the development of IBD
PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0132036. Epub 2015 Jul 14. PMID: 26172950
.
- [34] Vitamin D supplementation between 700 to 800 IU/d appears to reduce the risk of hip and any nonvertebral fractures in ambulatory or institutionalized elderly persons.
CONCLUSIONS: Oral vitamin D supplementation between 700 to 800 IU/d appears to reduce the risk of hip and any nonvertebral fractures in ambulatory or institutionalized elderly persons. An oral vitamin D dose of 400 IU/d is not sufficient for fracture prevention.
JAMA. 2005 May 11;293(18):2257-64. PMID: 15886381
.
- [35] Vitamin D supplementation reduced the rate of asthma exacerbation, especially in patients with vitamin D insufficiency.
CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D supplementation reduced the rate of asthma exacerbation, especially in patients with vitamin D insufficiency. Additionally, the benefit of vitamin D had a positive effect on pulmonary function in patients with air limitation and vitamin D insufficiency.
Respir Med. 2019 Apr ;150:85-94. Epub 2019 Feb 21. PMID: 30961957
.
- [36] Vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of cancer death by 16%.
BMJ. 2019 08 12 ;366:l4673. Epub 2019 Aug 12. PMID: 31405892
.
- [37] Vitamin D supplementation reduces mortality in adults.
CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D in the form of vitamin D(3) seems to decrease mortality in predominantly elderly women who are mainly in institutions and dependent care.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011(7):CD007470. Epub 2011 Jul 6. PMID: 21735411
.
- [38] Vitamin D and immunomodulation in early rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study.
A single dose of cholecalcipherol (300,000 IU) combined with standard treatment significantly ameliorates patients general health.
PLoS One. 2017 ;12(6):e0178463. Epub 2017 Jun 5. PMID: 28582403
.
- [39] Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 are associated with greater disease severity.
Higher prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency was observed in patients requiring ITU admission compared to patients managed on medical wards.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2020 Jul 3. Epub 2020 Jul 3. PMID: 32621392
.
- [40] Vitamin D deficiency is a predictor of reduced survival in patients with heart failure; vitamin D supplementation improves outcome.
CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in HF patients and is a significant predictor of reduced survival. Vitamin D supplementation was associated with improved outcome.
Eur J Heart Fail. 2012 Feb 3. Epub 2012 Feb 3. PMID: 22308011
.
- [41] Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness.
Not a single adverse event was attributed to vitamin D supplementation or circulating 25(OH)D levels. It is concluded that vitamin D supplementation of 4000 IU/d for pregnant women is safe and most effective in achieving sufficiency in all women and their neonates regardless of race, whereas the current estimated average requirement is comparatively ineffective at achieving adequate circulating 25(OH)D concentrations, especially in African Americans.
J Bone Miner Res. 2011 Oct ;26(10):2341-57. PMID: 21706518
.
- [42] A formula containing calcium, vitamin D3, lycopene , astaxantin and citrus bioflavonoids reducing climacteric symptoms in menopausal women.
MF Afragil® in the treatment of 34 menopause symptoms: a pilot study.
A combination of calcium, vitamin D3, lycopene , astaxantin and Citrus bioflavoid (MF Afragil®) was administered for a period of 8 weeks to 65 women to determine its effects in reducing signs/symptoms of climacteric status.
RESULTS: Following the treatment with MF Afragil®, the total MSSQ score was reduced by more than 45%.
There was a significant reduction in hot flashes, CNS symptoms (depression, anxiety and panic disorders), incontinence and joint pain, which are among the most frequent symptoms of climacteric status.
Osteoporosis was not analyzed due to the short period of treatment.
Panminerva Med. 2010 Jun;52(2 Suppl 1):49-54. PMID: 20657535
.
- [43] Association between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and breast cancer risk.
In summary, these results add to a growing body of evidence that adequate vitamin D stores may prevent breast cancer development.
Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa). 2009 Jun;2(6):598-604. Epub 2009 May 26. PMID: 19470790
.
- [44] Higher Vitamin D Levels Are Associated with Better Attentional Functions
RESULTS: Vitamin D-insufficiency was found in approx. 30 % of the study cohort. After adjustment for relevant covariates, higher serum 25(OH)D levels were associated with higher score on MMSE-NR (p=0.032) and 10-word Memory Test, immediate recall (p=0.038), as well as faster execution of Trail Making Test A and B (p=0.038 and p=0.021, respectively
CONCLUSION: Higher vitamin D levels appear to be associated with better cognition, especially in areas of executive function and mental flexibility.
J Nutr Health Aging. 2019 ;23(8):725-731. PMID: 31560030
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Zinc
♦ Zinc is a very important trace element found throughout the body.
It facilitates a myriad of body functions and is essential for:
- The functioning of over 300 Enzymes
- Bodily growth
- Cell repair
- Essential for the efficient workings and strengthening of the Immune System.
- Blocks the replication and growth of viruses
- Healthy Skin
- Prevents or slows Macular Degeneration
- Aiding the healing of Wounds and Ulcers
- Can be useful in treating Diarrhea
- Improving the actions of Immune Cells such as:
- B cells
- T cells
- White Blood Cells called Neutrophils,
- Natural Killer Cells (NK) which act as the body’s Defence Force, attacking infections and foreign intruders
- Zinc is an essential component of every Protocol to fight Influenza, Covid-19 infections and for Detoxifying so called Covid Vaccines!
Zinc is found and facilitates functions in every cell of the body; though as a non-fat-soluble element it is not able to easily cross the fat-based cell membrane.
It therefore requires a so called Zinc Ionophore and Zinc binding-protein.
Zinc binding-proteins are found in the membranes of cells to facilitate the inflow and outflow of Zinc across the Cell Membrane.
Ionophores:
Ionophore | Source |
---|---|
Epigallocatechin EGCG | Green Tea |
Quercetin; Flavonoid Antioxidant | Tomatoes, green leafy Vegetables, Berries, Broccoli, etc |
Zincophorin | Isolate of Streptomyces Griseus Bacterium |
Pyrithione; Organosulfur compound | Persian Shallot |
Hydroxychloroquine/Chloroquine | Pharmaceutical Medication |
Hinokitiol | Cupressaceae Trees |
Nutritional sources of Zinc:
Food | Serving | mg Zinc | % RDA of 11mg |
---|---|---|---|
Oysters | 6 medium | 32 mg | 291% |
Beef | 100 gms | 4.8mg | 44% |
Poultry | 85 gms | 2.5mg | 22% |
Lentils, Chickpeas Beans etc | 1 cup/200 gms | 2.5mg | 22% |
Sesame Seeds | 1oz/28 gms | 2 mg | 13% |
Brown Rice | 1 Cup cooked | 1.21mg | 11% |
Cashew Nuts | 1oz/28 gms | 1.2 mg | 11% |
Full Fat Milk | 1 Cup | 1mg | 9% |
Potatoes, Sweet Potatoes | 1 Potato | 1mg | 9% |
Eggs | 1 large | 0.65mg | 6% |
Green Beans | 1 Cup 128gms | 0.3mg | 2% |
Kale, Green Leafy Vegetables | 1 Cup 130gms | 0.3mg | 2% |
Symptoms of Zinc deficiency:
- Loss of taste or smell
- Poor appetite
- Growth retardation
- Delayed sexual maturation
- Depression Anxiety
- Impaired Immunity
- Poor wound healing
- Diarrhoea
- Hair loss
Individuals at risk of Zinc deficiency are people with:
- Digestive disorders
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- After gastrointestinal surgery
- Chronic liver disease
- Kidney disease
- prolonged Diarrhea
- Skin burns
- Sepsis/Septicemia/Blood poisoning; any cause
The official RDA for Zinc are:
Person | RDA | not exceeding |
---|---|---|
Babies to 6 months | 2mg | 4mg |
7–12 months | 3mg | 5mg |
1–3 years | 3mg | 7mg |
4–8 years | 5mg | 12mg |
9–13 years | 8mg | 23mg |
14–18 years | 10mg | 34mg |
Adults 19- | 8mg | 40mg |
Pregnant Women | 11mg | 40mg |
Lactating Women | 12mg | 40mg |
Zinc supplementation taken long term and in high doses can cause copper deficiency. People with low Copper levels might experience neurological problems, such as numbness and weakness in the arms and legs.
It is therefore advised to take a balanced Zinc supplement containing Cu at a ratio of 15 Zn/1 Cu!
Symptoms of excess Zinc include:
- Nausea, vomiting
- Poor appetite
- Abdominal pain or cramping
- Headaches
- Diarrhoea
♦ Measurement of bodily Zinc levels.
The determination of bodily Zinc levels is not straight forward, but can be measured in various ways:
in plasma, lymphocytes, neutrophils, hair, erythrocytes, and in urinary zinc excretion.
Each one can provide a rough indication, but not a definitive answer by itself.
The Zn:Cu ratio is also a useful indicator.
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Diet for good Health
♦ Corollaries of every Diet; Purines & Uric Acid - their impact on your Health![β][ι][κ]
Acid & alkaline: how to avoid degenerative Disease, Hyperuricemia & general ill Health by selecting health-building Foods.
You become what you eat: Choose wisely!
Purines are the building blocks of DNA and RNA (nucleic acids; adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine) and are found in every living organism; probably the most abundant molecule in nature.
The two sources of purines our body must process are endogenous and exogenous; i.e. originating from bodily processes, such as the breakdown of cells, and from the foods we eat.
During the metabolic process these purines are broken down into the end product of uric acid (C5H4N4O3), which needs to be excreted or it will form crystals in places like the kidneys, joints and soft tissue.
If there is a buildup of uric acid in the body from the break down of high protein animal foods then Hyperuricemia ensues which can lead to a host of diseases. [γ][Δ]
Reduction of pH level from the
pH 7.4 norm
The consequences of diet-induced metabolic
acidosis by overloading the Kidneys with a
purine rich diet metabolised to uric acid!
pH 7.4 norm
The consequences of diet-induced metabolic
acidosis by overloading the Kidneys with a
purine rich diet metabolised to uric acid!
Much has been written about acid/alkaline diets, and there is ample evidence that overall a more alkaline diet is highly beneficial for health and recovery from disease.
As always, a balanced approach is advisable and also necessary. [ι]
First, acidic condition forming foods just can't be avoided, and second they are necessary, in moderate amounts, for optimal metabolic functioning and a host bodily process.
The Uric Acid and PRAL scores (Potential Renal Acid Load) below are only provided as a guide to selecting foods which are deemed to either increase, or reduce the acid load on kidneys and as such could overall be detrimental or beneficial to health.
• Both scores can be used as a guide to avoid highly acidic foods and selecting more alkaline foods, which scientific studies have shown to:
- Reduce the acid load on kidneys [γ][ε]
- Provide more beneficial nutrients; vitamins, minerals and fiber, for good health, longevity and recovery from disease. [β][κ]
- Improve the K/Na, Potassium/Sodium balance which is beneficial for health and recovery from disease. [α]
- That an alkaline diet resulted in an increase in growth hormones which in itself is highly beneficial for health and recovery from many diseases.
- To reduce the intake of saturated fats and thus preventing heart disease and many other degenerative diseases like cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes. [Δ]
- Decrease salt intake which leads to hypertension, hardening of the arteries and kidney disease.
♦ Selecting a more alkaline, healthy and balanced diet based on:
Vegetables | PRAL Score | Uric Acid mg/100g | |
---|---|---|---|
Spinach | -14.0 | 61 | |
Carrot | -5.7 | 2.5 | |
Pumpkin | -5.6 | 66.3 | |
Celery | -5.2 | ||
Cucumber | -5.0 | 11.1 | |
Chinese Cabbage, Bok Choi | -5.0 | 8.2 | |
Daikon / Oriental Radish | -4.89 | ||
Radish | -3.7 | ||
Broccoli | -3.6 | 81.8 | |
Starch/Carbohydrates | PRAL Score | Uric Acid mg/100g | |
Sweet Potato | -8.15 | 20.1 | |
Potato | -6.08 | 7.5 | |
Whole-meal Bread | -3.55 | ||
Spaghetti/Pasta | 2.22 | ||
Brown Rice | 2.3 | 43.7 | |
Oats | 2.8 | ||
Millet | 2.93 | ||
Protein | PRAL Score | Uric Acid mg/100g | |
Textured Vegetable Protein, dry | -10.58 | ||
Beans | -9.6 | ||
Soymilk | -1.6 | 25.8 | |
Tofu | 2.25 | 23.3 | |
Lentils | 3.5 | ||
Tempeh | 5.7 | ||
Fats & Oils | PRAL Score | Uric Acid mg/100g | |
Avocado/Avocado Oil [ζ][η][θ] | -8.2 | ||
Nuts (Hazelnuts) | -4.1 | ||
Peanuts | -2.9 | ||
Sesame | -0.17 | ||
Sesame Oil | 0.3 | ||
Rice Bran Oil | 0 | ||
Beverages | PRAL Score | ||
Carrot Juice | -4.8 | ||
Mixed Vegetable Juice | -3.6 | ||
Green Tea | -1.2 | ||
Water | 0 | ||
Snacks/Deserts/Fruits | PRAL Score | ||
Raisins | -21 | ||
Dates | -11.9 | ||
Avocado | -8.2 | ||
Bananas | -6.9 | ||
Kiwifruit | -4.1 | ||
Hazelnuts | -2.8 | ||
Pineapple | -2.7 |
[ζ] Avocado/Oil contains:
Total Fat: 14g/100g
* Polyunsaturated Fat: 1.8g/100g (Omega-6)
* Monounsaturated Fat: 9.8g/100g (Omega-3)
(* These fats help lower LDL (bad) cholesterol.)[η][θ]
♦ Acid/alkaline scale:
♦ It is mainly the kidney's, but also the lung's job to keep the blood's pH at a constant alkaline state, or acidosis/hyperuricemia will ensue with all its detrimental implications for ill health.
(While the PRAL Score Formula has been challenged for its assumption that an increase in phosphate increases the PRAL Score and should increase urinary calcium loss and result in a negative calcium balance in bone, it can be a useful guide in selecting alkaline foods. [α])
PRAL formula:
PRAL (mEq / 100 g) = 0.49 x protein (g/100 g) + 0.037 x phosphorus (mg/100 g) − 0.021 x potassium (mg/100 g) − 0.026 x magnesium (mg/100 g) − 0.013 x calcium (mg/100 g)
♦ Following a Table listing Foods sorted according to their Uric Acid conversion during metabolism and their PRAL Score.
The second Table below is sorted according to their PRAL score.
• Negative PRAL scores indicate alkaline foods while positive scores list acidic foods:
Foodstuffs | Total Purines | Uric Acid mg/100g | Pral Score |
---|---|---|---|
Chicken Liver | 312.2 | 363.1 | 20.49 |
Parsley | 288.9 | 341.3 | -11.13 |
Shrimp | 273.2 | 321.1 | 12.56 |
Beef Liver | 219.8 | 255.5 | 22.73 |
Rainbow Trout | 180.9 | 216.8 | 10.8 |
Oyster | 184.5 | 213.5 | 1.88 |
Squid, Spear Squid | 160.5 | 190.0 | 9.37 |
Beef Topside | 143.5 | 173.8 | 12.5 |
Chicken Breast | 141.2 | 171.8 | 16.5 |
Clam, Mussels, Shellfish | 145.5 | 171.5 | 11.1 |
Mackerel | 139.3 | 171.5 | 7.28 |
Chicken Wing | 137.5 | 168.1 | 13.93 |
Octopus | 137.3 | 159.7 | 8.69 |
Salmon; canned | 132.9 | 159.7 | 14.0 |
Salmon | 119.3 | 146.2 | 11.5 |
Tuna Canned | 116.9 | 142.9 | 10.09 |
Pork, Rump | 113 | 137.8 | 7.9 |
Beans | 128 | -9.6 | |
Fish, Carp | 103.2 | 126.1 | 11.75 |
Sheep, Mutton | 96.2 | 117.7 | 11.58 |
Raisins | 107 | -21 | |
Broccoli | 70 | 81.8 | -3.6 |
Processed Fish; Fish Balls | 67.6 | 80.7 | 7.72 |
Bacon | 61.8 | 75.6 | 16.56 |
Bamboo Shoots | 63.3 | 74 | -8.0 |
Cauliflower | 57.2 | 67.2 | -1.3 |
Fig | 64 | -4.88 | |
Sesame | 62 | 0.3 | |
Sausage, Frankfurter | 49.8 | 60.5 | 10.6 |
Eggplant | 50.7 | 58.7 | -3.4 |
Peanut | 49.1 | 57.1 | 6.2 |
Rice, brown | 37.4 | 43.7 | 2.3 |
Dates | 35 | -11.9 | |
Cheese | 32 | 34.0 | |
Wheat Bread white | 25.8 | 30.3 | -3.55 |
Rice, polished | 25.9 | 30.3 | 1.7 |
Soymilk | 22 | 25.8 | -1.6 |
Shiitake, fresh | 20.8 | 24.4 | -1.4 |
Tofu | 20 | 23.3 | 2.25 |
Avocado | 18.4 | 21.8 | -8.2 |
Garlic | 17 | 20.1 | -2.6 |
Sweet Potato | 17 | 20.1 | -8.15 |
Pineapple | 19 | -2.21 | |
Corn | 11.7 | 13.7 | * |
Asparagus | 10.2 | 12 | -2.2 |
Cucumber | 9.4 | 11.1 | -5.0 |
Chinese Cabbage | 7 | 8.2 | -5.0 |
Potato | 6.5 | 7.5 | -6.08 |
Cabbage | 3.2 | 3.8 | -4.3 |
Tomato | 3.1 | 3.7 | -4.1 |
Banana | 3 | 3.5 | -6.9 |
Onion | 2.3 | 2.7 | -2.0 |
Carrot | 2.2 | 2.5 | -5.7 |
Strawberry | 2.1 | 2.4 | 6.8 |
Additional Foods; No Uric Acid | Data | ||
Ice Cream | 28.7 | ||
Tamarind, raw | -11 | ||
Textured Vegetable Protein | dry | -10.58 | |
Seaweed | -4.8 | ||
Papaya | -4.03 | ||
Mango | -3.01 |
♦ Table sorted according to PRAL Score:
Foodstuffs | Total Purines | Uric Acid mg/100g | Pral Score |
---|---|---|---|
Raisins | -21 | ||
Dates | -11.9 | ||
Parsley | 288.9 | 341.3 | -11.13 |
Tamarind, raw | -11 | ||
Textured Vegetable Protein | dry | -10.58 | |
Beans | * | * | -9.6 |
Avocado | 18.4 | 21.8 | -8.2 |
Sweet Potato | 17 | 20.1 | -8.15 |
Bamboo Shoots | 63.3 | 74 | -8.0 |
Banana | 3 | 3.5 | -6.9 |
Potato | 6.5 | 7.5 | -6.08 |
Carrot | 2.2 | 2.5 | -5.7 |
Cucumber | 9.4 | 11.1 | -5.0 |
Chinese Cabbage | 7 | 8.2 | -5.0 |
Fig | -4.88 | ||
Seaweed | -4.8 | ||
Cabbage | 3.2 | 3.8 | -4.3 |
Tomato | 3.1 | 3.7 | -4.1 |
Papaya | -4.03 | ||
Broccoli | 70 | 81.8 | -3.6 |
Wheat Bread, white | 25.8 | 30.3 | -3.55 |
Eggplant | 50.7 | 58.7 | -3.4 |
Mango | -3.01 | ||
Garlic | 17 | 20.1 | -2.6 |
Pineapple | -2.21 | ||
Asparagus | 10.2 | 12 | -2.2 |
Onion | 2.3 | 2.7 | -2.0 |
Soymilk | 22 | 25.8 | -1.6 |
Shiitake, fresh | 20.8 | 24.4 | -1.4 |
Cauliflower | 57.2 | 67.2 | -1.3 |
Sesame | 0.3 | ||
Rice, polished | 25.9 | 30.3 | 1.7 |
Oyster | 184.5 | 213.5 | 1.88 |
Tofu | 20 | 23.3 | 2.25 |
Rice, brown | 37.4 | 43.7 | 2.3 |
Peanut | 49.1 | 57.1 | 6.2 |
Strawberry | 2.1 | 2.4 | 6.8 |
Mackerel | 139.3 | 171.5 | 7.28 |
Processed Fish; Fish Balls | 67.6 | 80.7 | 7.72 |
Pork, Rump | 113 | 137.8 | 7.9 |
Octopus | 137.3 | 159.7 | 8.69 |
Squid, Spear Squid | 160.5 | 190.0 | 9.37 |
Tuna Canned | 116.9 | 142.9 | 10.09 |
Sausage, Frankfurter | 49.8 | 60.5 | 10.6 |
Rainbow Trout | 180.9 | 216.8 | 10.8 |
Clam, Mussels, Shellfish | 145.5 | 171.5 | 11.1 |
Salmon | 119.3 | 146.2 | 11.5 |
Sheep, Mutton | 96.2 | 117.7 | 11.58 |
Fish, Carp | 103.2 | 126.1 | 11.75 |
Beef Topside | 143.5 | 173.8 | 12.5 |
Shrimp | 273.2 | 321.1 | 12.56 |
Chicken Wing | 137.5 | 168.1 | 13.93 |
Salmon; canned | 132.9 | 159.7 | 14.0 |
Chicken Breast | 141.2 | 171.8 | 16.5 |
Bacon | 61.8 | 75.6 | 16.56 |
Chicken Liver | 312.2 | 363.1 | 20.49 |
Beef Liver | 219.8 | 255.5 | 22.73 |
Ice Cream | 28.7 | ||
Cheese | 32 | 34.0 |
- [a] The Alkaline Diet: Is There Evidence That an Alkaline pH Diet Benefits Health?
When it comes to the pH and net acid load in the human diet, there has been considerable change from the hunter gather civilization to the present.
With the agricultural revolution (last 10,000 years) and even more recently
with industrialization (last 200 years), there has been an decrease in potassium (K) compared to sodium (Na) and an increase in chloride compared to bicarbonate found in
the diet.
The ratio of potassium to sodium has reversed, K/Na pre-viously was 10 to 1 whereas the modern diet has a ratio of 1 to 3.
It is generally accepted that agricultural humans today have a diet poor in magnesium and potassium as well as fiber and rich in saturated fat, simple sugars, sodium, and chloride as compared to the pre-agricultural period.
This results in a diet that may induce metabolic acidosis which is mismatched to the genetically determined nutritional requirements.
With aging, there is a gradual loss of renal acid-base regulatory function and a resultant increase in diet-induced metabolic acidosis while on the modern diet.
A low-carbohydrate high-protein diet with its increased acid load results in very
little change in blood chemistry, and pH, but results in many changes in urinary chemistry.
Urinary magnesium levels, urinary citrate and pH are decreased, urinary calcium,
undissociated uric acid, and phosphate are in-creased.
All of these result in an increased risk for kidney stones.
Gerry K. Schwalfenberg; University of Alberta, Suite No. 301, 9509-156 Street, Edmonton, AB, Canada T5P 4J5
- [β] Nutrient Intake Is Associated with Longevity
Characterization by Metabolites and Element Profiles of Healthy Centenarians
Abstract:
.... Seven characteristic components closely related to the centenarians were identified, including acetic acid, total SCFA, Mn, Co, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid.
Their concentrations were significantly higher in the centenarians group (p < 0.05).
Additionally, the dietary fiber intake was positively associated with butyric acid contents in feces (r = 0.896, p < 0.01), and negatively associated with phenol in urine (r = −0.326, p < 0.01).
The results suggest that the specific metabolic pattern of centenarians may have an important and positive influence on the formation of the longevity phenomenon.
Conclusions
The results indicated that the unique metabolic pattern of the LRC (100 years plus) group may have an important and positive influence on the formation of the longevity phenomenon.
• Elevated dietary fiber intake should be a path toward health and longevity.
PMID: 27657115 PMCID: PMC5037549 DOI: 10.3390/nu8090564
- [γ] Purine-rich foods, protein intake, and the prevalence of hyperuricemia: The Shanghai Men’s Health Study
In this study of 3,978 middle-aged men living in Shanghai, we found that intake of protein from animal sources and seafood was associated with higher prevalence of hyperuricemia, while soy products appeared to decrease hyperuricemia risk.
The associations of animal protein intake and plant protein intake with hyperuricemia were not independent of each other.
Protein from animal sources was significantly associated with prevalence of hyperuricemia.
PMCID: PMC3150417 NIHMSID: NIHMS269905 PMID: 21277179
- [Δ] Dietary acid load: Mechanisms and evidence of its health repercussions.
Currently, chronic noncommunicable diseases (CNDs) represent a public health problem, accounting for 70% of deaths in developing countries.
• The main CNDs are cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes.
Historically, an association has been reported between the feeding pattern and the development or progression of metabolic disorders and CNDs.
In recent years one aspect that has received attention is the impact of the micronutrient profile on the maintenance of acid / base equilibrium, describing the deleterious impact of metabolic acidosis (MA) on health status.
The objective of the present review is to analyze the available evidence of the dietary acid load in different clinical conditions.
Conclusions
According to the literature, the type of diet can profoundly affect the organism by providing acid precursors or bases.
Diets with high acid load produces changes in the acid base balance.
There is an association between low-grade metabolic acidosis with the development of chronic noncommunicable diseases.
The implementation of strategies aiming to reduce the acid load of the diet through nutritional interventions may have a positive impact on health
PMID: 30737117 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2018.10.005
- [ε] A Vegan Diet Is Associated with a Significant Reduction in Dietary Acid Load: Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Individuals
• Our results confirm the hypothesis that a short-term (isocaloric) vegan dietary intervention effectively reduces DAL (Daily Acid Load) in healthy individuals, whereas a meat-rich diet increases it.
Our results are consistent with the majority of intervention studies investigating the DAL-lowering effects of various plant-based diet patterns.
In a recently published trial, Kahleova et al. randomized 244 overweight adults to either an ad libitum low-fat vegan diet (LFVD) or a control diet.
The LFVD predominantly included grains, legumes, vegetables and fruits and was characterized by a targeted macronutrient distribution of ~75% of energy from carbohydrates, 15% protein and 10% fat.
The control group was requested to avoid any dietary modifications.
After 16 weeks, median PRAL and NEAPF scores fell significantly in the vegan intervention group (−24.3 (−28 to −20.5) mEq/day and −25.1 (−29.1 to −21.1) mEq/day, respectively).
PMCID: PMC8507786 PMID: 34639299
- [η] The Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Reverse Cholesterol Transport: A Review
The beneficial effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) on cardiovascular disease have been studied extensively. However, it remains unclear to what extent n-3 PUFAs may impact Reverse Cholesterol Transport (RCT). RCT describes a mechanism by which excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues is transported to the liver for hepatobiliary excretion, thereby inhibiting foam cell formation and the development of atherosclerosis.
Based on current knowledge, we conclude that n-3 PUFAs may beneficially affect RCT, mainly by influencing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) remodeling and by promoting hepatobiliary sterol excretion.
Conclusions
* n-3 PUFAs have a positive impact on atherosclerosis and CVD, a major concern of today’s health care systems. It is important to emphasize that the positive effects of n-3 PUFAs on CVD are thought to be mediated by diverse mechanisms, including the alteration of physical and chemical properties of cellular membranes, direct interaction with, and modulation of, membrane channels and proteins, regulation of gene expression via nuclear receptors and transcription factors, changes in eicosanoid profiles, and conversion of n-3 PUFAs to bioactive metabolites, which may promote ischemia-induced myocyte healing.
PMID: 28984832 PMCID: PMC5691715 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101099
- [θ] Effect of a moderate fat diet with and without avocados on lipoprotein particle number, size and subclasses in overweight and obese adults: a randomized, controlled trial.
BACKGROUND:
Avocados are a nutrient-dense source of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) that can be used to replace saturated fatty acids (SFA) in a diet to lower low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C).
CONCLUSIONS: Inclusion of one avocado per day as part of a moderate-fat, cholesterol-lowering diet has additional LDL-C, LDL-P, and non-HDL-C lowering effects, especially for small, dense LDL. Our results demonstrate that avocados have beneficial effects on cardio-metabolic risk factors that extend beyond their heart-healthy fatty acid profile.
J Am Heart Assoc. 2015 Jan 7 ;4(1):e001355. Epub 2015 Jan 7. PMID: 25567051
- [ι] Plant-based foods and prevention of cardiovascular disease: an overview
Evidence from prospective cohort studies indicates that a high consumption of plant-based foods such as fruit and vegetables, nuts, and whole grains is associated with a significantly lower risk of coronary artery disease and stroke.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, substantial evidence indicates that plant-based diets including whole grains as the main form of carbohydrate, unsaturated fats as the predominate form of dietary fat, an abundance of fruit and vegetables, and adequate n−3 fatty acids can play an important role in preventing Cardio Vascular Disease.
Such diets—which have other health benefits, including the prevention of other chronic diseases—deserve more emphasis in dietary recommendations.
PMID: 12936948 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/78.3.544S
- [κ] Diet-Induced Low-Grade Metabolic Acidosis and Clinical Outcomes: A Review
Abstract
Low-grade metabolic acidosis is a condition characterized by a slight decrease in blood pH, within the range considered normal, and feeding is one of the main factors that may influence the occurrence of such a condition.
The excessive consumption of acid precursor foods (sources of phosphorus and proteins), to the detriment of those precursors of bases (sources of potassium, calcium, and magnesium), leads to acid-base balance volubility.
If this condition occurs in a prolonged, chronic way, low-grade metabolic acidosis can become significant and predispose to metabolic imbalances such as kidney stone formation, increased bone resorption, reduced bone mineral density, and the loss of muscle mass, as well as the increased risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis.
Conclusions:
The excessive release of acids into the bloodstream may predispose to various metabolic imbalances, such as increased mineral excretion, insulin resistance, and the stimulation of glucocorticoid hormone release.
Such imbalances are associated with an increased risk of non-comunicable diseases. Taking into account the acidifying potential of the western food standard of the vast majority of countries and the increase in the incidence of chronic diseases worldwide, it is necessary to encourage public policies that stimulate the intake of fruits and vegetables in the course of life, so that there is no volubility in the acid-base balance and the risk of chronic diseases is attenuated.
Nutrients 2017, 9(6), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9060538
______________________________________
Uric Acid
♦ Should we avoid high purine foods from animal sources for better health?
Purines are the building blocks of DNA and RNA (nucleic acids; adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine) and are found in every living organism; probably the most abundant molecule in nature.
The two sources of purines our body must process are endogenous and exogenous; i.e. originating from bodily processes, such as the breakdown of cells, and from the foods we eat.
During the metabolic process these purines are broken down into the end product uric acid (C5H4N4O3), which needs to be excreted or it will form crystals in places like the kidneys, joints and soft tissue.
If there is a build-up of uric acid in the body from the break down of high protein animal foods then Hyperuricemia ensues which can lead to a host of diseases such as Gout, Kidney Stones and Uric Acid Crystal deposits in joints. [γ]
Much has been written about acid/alkaline diets, and there is ample evidence that overall a more alkaline diet is highly beneficial for health and recovery from disease.
As always, a balanced approach is advisable and also necessary.
First, acidic condition forming foods just can't be avoided, and second they are necessary for optimal metabolic functioning and a host bodily process.
The Uric Acid and PRAL scores (Potential Renal Acid Load) below are only provided as a guide to selecting foods which are deemed to either increase, or reduce the acid load on kidneys and as such are overall beneficial to health.
• Both scores can be used as a guide to avoid highly acidic foods and selecting more alkaline foods, which scientific studies have shown to:
- Reduce the acid load on kidneys [γ][ε]
- Provide more beneficial nutrients; vitamins, minerals and fiber, for good health, longevity and recovery from disease. [β]
- Improve the K/Na, Potassium/Sodium balance which is beneficial for health and recovery from disease. [α]
- That an alkaline diet resulted in an increase in growth hormones which in itself is highly beneficial for health and recovery from many diseases.
- To reduce the intake of saturated fats and thus preventing heart disease and many other degenerative diseases like cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes. [Δ]
- Decrease salt intake which leads to hypertension, hardening of the arteries and kidney disease.
♦ Selecting a more alkaline, healthy and balanced diet based on:
- Fresh, green leafy Vegetables, Carrots, Tubers, Pumpkins, Cucumbers
- Soy Proteins like: TVP, Tofu, Miso, Tempeh, Natto, Soymilk, Lentils, Beans
- Occasional small amounts of Seafood or fresh water Fish, Oysters
- Carbohydrates like: Brown Rice, Millet, Amaranth, Quinoa, Oats, Wheat
- Fats & Oils like: Nuts, Avocado, Sunflower Seeds, Sesame and Olive Oil
- Seasoning like: Sesame, unprocessed Sea-salt, Soy-sauce
- Drinks like: Green Tea, Kukicha, Herbal Teas
- Snacks like: Nuts, Seeds, Puffed Rice Crackers, Dates, Raisins, Apricots, Bananas, Fruits
While the PRAL Score Formula has been challenged for its assumption that an increase in phosphate increases the PRAL Score and should increase urinary calcium loss and result in a negative calcium balance in bone, it can be a useful guide in selecting alkaline foods. [α]
PRAL formula:
PRAL (mEq / 100 g) = 0.49 x protein (g/100 g) + 0.037 x phosphorus (mg/100 g) − 0.021 x potassium (mg/100 g) − 0.026 x magnesium (mg/100 g) − 0.013 x calcium (mg/100 g)
♦ Following a Table listing Foods sorted according to their Uric Acid conversion during metabolism and their PRAL Score.
The second Table is sorted according to their PRAL score.
• Negative PRAL scores indicate alkaline foods while positive scores list acidic foods:
Foodstuffs | Total Purines | Uric Acid mg/100g | Pral Score |
---|---|---|---|
Chicken Liver | 312.2 | 363.1 | 20.49 |
Parsley | 288.9 | 341.3 | -11.13 |
Shrimp | 273.2 | 321.1 | 12.56 |
Beef Liver | 219.8 | 255.5 | 22.73 |
Rainbow Trout | 180.9 | 216.8 | 10.8 |
Oyster | 184.5 | 213.5 | 1.88 |
Squid, Spear Squid | 160.5 | 190.0 | 9.37 |
Beef Topside | 143.5 | 173.8 | 12.5 |
Chicken Breast | 141.2 | 171.8 | 16.5 |
Clam, Mussels, Shellfish | 145.5 | 171.5 | 11.1 |
Mackerel | 139.3 | 171.5 | 7.28 |
Chicken Wing | 137.5 | 168.1 | 13.93 |
Octopus | 137.3 | 159.7 | 8.69 |
Salmon; canned | 132.9 | 159.7 | 14.0 |
Salmon | 119.3 | 146.2 | 11.5 |
Tuna Canned | 116.9 | 142.9 | 10.09 |
Pork, Rump | 113 | 137.8 | 7.9 |
Fish, Carp | 103.2 | 126.1 | 11.75 |
Sheep, Mutton | 96.2 | 117.7 | 11.58 |
Broccoli | 70 | 81.8 | -3.6 |
Processed Fish; Fish Balls | 67.6 | 80.7 | 7.72 |
Bacon | 61.8 | 75.6 | 16.56 |
Bamboo Shoots | 63.3 | 74 | -8.0 |
Cauliflower | 57.2 | 67.2 | -1.3 |
Sausage, Frankfurter | 49.8 | 60.5 | 10.6 |
Eggplant | 50.7 | 58.7 | -3.4 |
Peanut | 49.1 | 57.1 | 6.2 |
Rice, brown | 37.4 | 43.7 | 2.3 |
Beans | * | * | -9.6 |
Wheat Bread white | 25.8 | 30.3 | -3.55 |
Rice, polished | 25.9 | 30.3 | 1.7 |
Soymilk | 22 | 25.8 | -1.6 |
Shiitake, fresh | 20.8 | 24.4 | -1.4 |
Tofu | 20 | 23.3 | 2.25 |
Avocado | 18.4 | 21.8 | -8.2 |
Garlic | 17 | 20.1 | -2.6 |
Sweet Potato | 17 | 20.1 | -8.15 |
Corn | 11.7 | 13.7 | * |
Asparagus | 10.2 | 12 | -2.2 |
Cucumber | 9.4 | 11.1 | -5.0 |
Chinese Cabbage | 7 | 8.2 | -5.0 |
Potato | 6.5 | 7.5 | -6.08 |
Cabbage | 3.2 | 3.8 | -4.3 |
Tomato | 3.1 | 3.7 | -4.1 |
Banana | 3 | 3.5 | -6.9 |
Onion | 2.3 | 2.7 | -2.0 |
Carrot | 2.2 | 2.5 | -5.7 |
Strawberry | 2.1 | 2.4 | 6.8 |
Additional Foods; No Uric Acid | Data | ||
Cheese | 34.0 | ||
Ice Cream | 28.7 | ||
Sesame | 0.3 | ||
Raisins | -21 | ||
Dates | -11.9 | ||
Tamarind, raw | -11 | ||
Textured Vegetable, Protein | dry | -10.58 | |
Fig | -4.88 | ||
Seaweed | -4.8 | ||
Papaya | -4.03 | ||
Mango | -3.01 | ||
Pineapple | -2.21 |
♦ Table sorted according to PRAL Score:
Foodstuffs | Total Purines | Uric Acid mg/100g | Pral Score |
---|---|---|---|
Raisins | -21 | ||
Dates | -11.9 | ||
Parsley | 288.9 | 341.3 | -11.13 |
Tamarind, raw | -11 | ||
Textured Vegetable, Protein | dry | -10.58 | |
Beans | * | * | -9.6 |
Avocado | 18.4 | 21.8 | -8.2 |
Sweet Potato | 17 | 20.1 | -8.15 |
Bamboo Shoots | 63.3 | 74 | -8.0 |
Banana | 3 | 3.5 | -6.9 |
Potato | 6.5 | 7.5 | -6.08 |
Carrot | 2.2 | 2.5 | -5.7 |
Cucumber | 9.4 | 11.1 | -5.0 |
Chinese Cabbage | 7 | 8.2 | -5.0 |
Fig | -4.88 | ||
Seaweed | -4.8 | ||
Cabbage | 3.2 | 3.8 | -4.3 |
Tomato | 3.1 | 3.7 | -4.1 |
Papaya | -4.03 | ||
Broccoli | 70 | 81.8 | -3.6 |
Wheat Bread, white | 25.8 | 30.3 | -3.55 |
Eggplant | 50.7 | 58.7 | -3.4 |
Mango | -3.01 | ||
Garlic | 17 | 20.1 | -2.6 |
Pineapple | -2.21 | ||
Asparagus | 10.2 | 12 | -2.2 |
Onion | 2.3 | 2.7 | -2.0 |
Soymilk | 22 | 25.8 | -1.6 |
Shiitake, fresh | 20.8 | 24.4 | -1.4 |
Cauliflower | 57.2 | 67.2 | -1.3 |
Sesame | 0.3 | ||
Rice, polished | 25.9 | 30.3 | 1.7 |
Oyster | 184.5 | 213.5 | 1.88 |
Tofu | 20 | 23.3 | 2.25 |
Rice, brown | 37.4 | 43.7 | 2.3 |
Peanut | 49.1 | 57.1 | 6.2 |
Strawberry | 2.1 | 2.4 | 6.8 |
Mackerel | 139.3 | 171.5 | 7.28 |
Processed Fish; Fish Balls | 67.6 | 80.7 | 7.72 |
Pork, Rump | 113 | 137.8 | 7.9 |
Octopus | 137.3 | 159.7 | 8.69 |
Squid, Spear Squid | 160.5 | 190.0 | 9.37 |
Tuna Canned | 116.9 | 142.9 | 10.09 |
Sausage, Frankfurter | 49.8 | 60.5 | 10.6 |
Rainbow Trout | 180.9 | 216.8 | 10.8 |
Clam, Mussels, Shellfish | 145.5 | 171.5 | 11.1 |
Salmon | 119.3 | 146.2 | 11.5 |
Sheep, Mutton | 96.2 | 117.7 | 11.58 |
Fish, Carp | 103.2 | 126.1 | 11.75 |
Beef Topside | 143.5 | 173.8 | 12.5 |
Shrimp | 273.2 | 321.1 | 12.56 |
Chicken Wing | 137.5 | 168.1 | 13.93 |
Salmon; canned | 132.9 | 159.7 | 14.0 |
Chicken Breast | 141.2 | 171.8 | 16.5 |
Bacon | 61.8 | 75.6 | 16.56 |
Chicken Liver | 312.2 | 363.1 | 20.49 |
Beef Liver | 219.8 | 255.5 | 22.73 |
Ice Cream | 28.7 | ||
Cheese | 34.0 |
- [a] The Alkaline Diet: Is There Evidence That an Alkaline pH Diet Benefits Health?
When it comes to the pH and net acid load in the human diet, there has been considerable change from the hunter gather civilization to the present.
With the agricultural revolution (last 10,000 years) and even more recently
with industrialization (last 200 years), there has been an decrease in potassium (K) compared to sodium (Na) and an increase in chloride compared to bicarbonate found in
the diet.
The ratio of potassium to sodium has reversed, K/Na pre-viously was 10 to 1 whereas the modern diet has a ratio of 1 to 3.
It is generally accepted that agricultural humans today have a diet poor in magnesium and potassium as well as fiber and rich in saturated fat, simple sugars, sodium, and chloride as compared to the pre-agricultural period.
This results in a diet that may induce metabolic acidosis which is mismatched to the genetically determined nutritional requirements.
With aging, there is a gradual loss of renal acid-base regulatory function and a resultant increase in diet-induced metabolic acidosis while on the modern diet.
A low-carbohydrate high-protein diet with its increased acid load results in very
little change in blood chemistry, and pH, but results in many changes in urinary chemistry.
Urinary magnesium levels, urinary citrate and pH are decreased, urinary calcium,
undissociated uric acid, and phosphate are in-creased.
All of these result in an increased risk for kidney stones.
Gerry K. Schwalfenberg; University of Alberta, Suite No. 301, 9509-156 Street, Edmonton, AB, Canada T5P 4J5
- [β] Nutrient Intake Is Associated with Longevity
Characterization by Metabolites and Element Profiles of Healthy Centenarians
Abstract:
.... Seven characteristic components closely related to the centenarians were identified, including acetic acid, total SCFA, Mn, Co, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid.
Their concentrations were significantly higher in the centenarians group (p < 0.05).
Additionally, the dietary fiber intake was positively associated with butyric acid contents in feces (r = 0.896, p < 0.01), and negatively associated with phenol in urine (r = −0.326, p < 0.01).
The results suggest that the specific metabolic pattern of centenarians may have an important and positive influence on the formation of the longevity phenomenon.
Conclusions
The results indicated that the unique metabolic pattern of the LRC (100 years plus) group may have an important and positive influence on the formation of the longevity phenomenon.
• Elevated dietary fiber intake should be a path toward health and longevity.
PMID: 27657115 PMCID: PMC5037549 DOI: 10.3390/nu8090564
- [γ] Purine-rich foods, protein intake, and the prevalence of hyperuricemia: The Shanghai Men’s Health Study
In this study of 3,978 middle-aged men living in Shanghai, we found that intake of protein from animal sources and seafood was associated with higher prevalence of hyperuricemia, while soy products appeared to decrease hyperuricemia risk.
The associations of animal protein intake and plant protein intake with hyperuricemia were not independent of each other.
Protein from animal sources was significantly associated with prevalence of hyperuricemia.
PMCID: PMC3150417 NIHMSID: NIHMS269905 PMID: 21277179
- [Δ] Dietary acid load: Mechanisms and evidence of its health repercussions.
Currently, chronic noncommunicable diseases (CNDs) represent a public health problem, accounting for 70% of deaths in developing countries.
• The main CNDs are cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes.
Historically, an association has been reported between the feeding pattern and the development or progression of metabolic disorders and CNDs.
In recent years one aspect that has received attention is the impact of the micronutrient profile on the maintenance of acid / base equilibrium, describing the deleterious impact of metabolic acidosis (MA) on health status.
The objective of the present review is to analyze the available evidence of the dietary acid load in different clinical conditions.
Conclusions
According to the literature, the type of diet can profoundly affect the organism by providing acid precursors or bases.
Diets with high acid load produces changes in the acid base balance.
There is an association between low-grade metabolic acidosis with the development of chronic noncommunicable diseases.
The implementation of strategies aiming to reduce the acid load of the diet through nutritional interventions may have a positive impact on health
PMID: 30737117 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2018.10.005
- [ε] A Vegan Diet Is Associated with a Significant Reduction in Dietary Acid Load: Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Individuals
• Our results confirm the hypothesis that a short-term (isocaloric) vegan dietary intervention effectively reduces DAL (Daily Acid Load) in healthy individuals, whereas a meat-rich diet increases it.
Our results are consistent with the majority of intervention studies investigating the DAL-lowering effects of various plant-based diet patterns.
In a recently published trial, Kahleova et al. randomized 244 overweight adults to either an ad libitum low-fat vegan diet (LFVD) or a control diet.
The LFVD predominantly included grains, legumes, vegetables and fruits and was characterized by a targeted macronutrient distribution of ~75% of energy from carbohydrates, 15% protein and 10% fat.
The control group was requested to avoid any dietary modifications.
After 16 weeks, median PRAL and NEAPF scores fell significantly in the vegan intervention group (−24.3 (−28 to −20.5) mEq/day and −25.1 (−29.1 to −21.1) mEq/day, respectively).
PMCID: PMC8507786 PMID: 34639299
______________________________________
✘ Footnotes
[α] Although the notion of Live-Force might be construed to be some 'New-Age' metaphysical concept, it fits in perfectly with all the traditional Healing Arts like Acupuncture with its Energy flows through Meridians concept, Ayurvedics, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TMC), and the ideas of ancient Egyptian and Greek Physicians, to modern insights of Quantum Mechanics and how this applies to sentient Beings, Consciousness, Thought and Mind, and the intricacies of Biology!
Rupert Sheldrake's Morphogenesis is a further adaption and expansion of this concept of 'invisible, energetic fields' which govern the genesis of Life!
Chi Life-force, also called Ki, Qi, Prana, Baraka, Orgone, élan vital, pneuma, etc, can be replenished and absorbed in the following ways:
- Food
Eating fresh, organic and natural foods straight from the garden or your local vegetable market provides you with this vital energy.
On the other hand eating processed, fried, overcooked, dead, and food full of additives to prevent it from rotting and putrefying deplete your Life-force and build toxicity in your blood, lymphatic system and interstitial fluids.
. - Sun
Working outside or sunbathing daily in the early morning and late afternoon provides essential energy and also provides the body with the daily essential requirement of Vitamin D3. (See Tab on Vitamin D!)
. - Breath
Practicing deep, abdominal breathing in a relaxed, rhythmic and conscious way replenishes the body throughout with this vital energy.
. - Ground
Walking barefoot on the ground draws in this energy; give your feet the joy of touching grass again like when you were a child.
- [β] "60 deaths in 40 days in tiny Titoli, 8 listed as Covid. Uncounted toll rises in rural Haryana"
The villagers blame the recently installed 5G tower after which all the deaths started.
But as always these deaths officially are blamed on that mysterious 'Covid disease' where no virus has ever been isolated while these villagers complained of chest pains, heart attacks, headaches etc; typical symptoms of EMF radiation poisoning.
- [ε] Cutting red meat-for a longer life.
New data shows substantial benefit in eliminating or reducing consumption of red meat and substituting healthier proteins.
Red meat: in addition to raising the risk for colorectal cancer and other health problems, it can actually shorten your life.
That's the clear message of the latest research based on data from two ongoing, decades-long Harvard School of Public Health studies of nurses and other health professionals.
It appears "healthy meat consumption" has become an oxymoron.
What the study found:
After 28 years, nearly 24,000 people in these two studies died from cardiovascular disease or cancer.
How much and what kind of meat did they eat while they were alive?
The study determined that each additional daily serving of red meat increased risk of death by 13%.
The impact rose to 20% if the serving was processed, as in food items like hot dogs, bacon, and cold cuts.
What it means for you
What does a 13% increased "risk of mortality" (for each additional serving of unprocessed red meat) mean for an individual?
"If someone is age 60 and has a 50% chance of dying in the next 25 years, adding one serving a day would increase his risk of dying in that time to about 57%, and if he had two servings a day, this would be about a 63% risk of dying in that time."
In other words, the effects of unhealthy foods are relative to where you start, and eating red meat—the study shows—comes with a mortality tax.
Study: New data shows substantial benefit in eliminating or reducing consumption of red meat and substituting healthier proteins.
[Δ] ♦ Acid and alkaline forming foods according to traditional wisdom
Alkaline forming Foods | Acid forming Foods |
---|---|
Agar agar | Alcohol |
Almonds | Artificial Sweeteners |
Apple Cider Vinegar | Beef; all meats |
Apples | Beer |
Apricots | bread; white |
Asparagus | Cereals; refined |
Avocados | Chocolate |
Bananas | Cigarettes |
Bancha and Kukicha tea | Coffee; sweetened with milk |
Beans; green, string beans | Cranberries |
Broccoli | Drugs |
Cauliflower | Eggs |
Celery | Fish; oily |
Daikon | Flour Products; from refined wheat |
Dates; fresh/dried | Fruit Juices; with added sugar |
Figs; dried | Ice Cream |
Garlic | Jams |
Ginger | Medications; pharmaceutical drugs |
Grapefruit | Nut Butters; peanut butter |
Grapes | Oils; cooking oils from seeds |
Green Tea | Pasta; made from refined wheat |
Herbal Teas | Pastries; sugar, butter, white flour |
Kale | Pork |
Lemons, Lime | Poultry |
Lettuce | Rice; poished, white |
Mango | Seafood; oily fish, etc |
Melons | Soft Drinks; sweetened, carbonated |
Millet | Sugar |
Papaya | Yogurt; sweetened |
Parsley | |
Passion Fruit | |
Peas | |
Pineapple | |
Pumpkin | |
Radishes | |
Raisins | |
Seaweeds | |
Shiitake Mushrooms | |
Sprouts | |
Squash | |
Strawberries | |
sweet corn | |
Sweet Potatoes | |
Vegetable Juices; unsweetened | |
Watercress |
Note; while this table lists the acid/alkaline forming properties of foods, the degree to which they do so varies greatly, dependent on the food itself and the metabolic conditions in the body!
♦ Following is a selection of foods according to the 'Potential Renal Acid Load' (PRAL) principle.
• Negative numbers indicate base/alkaline foods, positive numbers acidic foods.
Alkaline forming | PRAL value | Acid forming | PRAL value |
---|---|---|---|
Banana | -6.9 | Corn Tortilla | 4.8 |
Asparagus | -2.2 | Cocoa with milk | 114 |
Beans | -7.4 | Cheese, Gouda | 20.0 |
Broccoli | -3.6 | Cod | 19.8 |
Green Tea | -0.3 | Egg yolk | 18.1 |
Carrot; raw | -5.7 | Egg; whole | 9.0 |
Cauliflower | -1.3 | Mussels | 15.2 |
Celery | -5.0 | Salmon | 14.0 |
Cucumber | -2.4 | Sardines in oil | 15.9 |
Eggplant | -2.0 | Shrimp | 13.2 |
Spinach | -11.8 | Beef | 12.5 |
Tomato | -4.1 | Chicken | 16.5 |
Kale | -8.0 | Milk; whole | 0.2 |
Lettuce | -4.3 | Pork | 14.7 |
Onions | -2.0 | Sardines; in oil | 15.9 |
Mushrooms | -4.2 | Shrimp | 13.2 |
[δ]"Properties of biophotons and their theoretical implications
The physical properties indicate that biophotons originate from fully coherent and sometimes even squeezed states.
The physical analysis provides thermodynamic and quantum optical interpretation, in order to understand the biological impacts of biophotons. Biological phenomena like intracellular and intercellular communication. cell growth and differentiation, intersections among biological systems (like "Gestaltbildung" or swarming), and microbial infections can be understood in terms of biophotons.
"Biophotonics", the corresponding field of applications, provide a new powerful tool for assessing the quality of food (like freshness and shelf life), microbial
infections. environmental influences and for substantiating medical diagnosis and therapy"
External Link! PMID: 15947465
✘ References
- [1] Dietary patterns and breast cancer risk in the shanghai breast cancer study.
Our findings indicate that a western diet increases breast cancer risk in postmenopausal Chinese women. They also suggest the value of quantifying aggregate risk for common combinations of foods.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007 Jul;16(7):1443-8. Epub 2007 Jul 10. PMID: 17623805
. - [2] Lymphatic overload and venous diseases
The main circulatory function of the lymphatic system consists in bringing macro-molecules back into the blood circulation from the interstitial space of the sustaining lax connective tissue.
• Link!
. - [3] Saturated Fat
AHA Recommendation
• Link!
. - [4] An estimated 12 million Americans suffer a diagnostic error each year in a primary care setting - 33% of which result in serious or permanent damage or death.
• Link!
. - [5] Dr. Gary Null: Death by Medicine
Null explores the ways in which the medical environment has become a labyrinth of interlocking corporate, hospital, and governmental boards of directors, infiltrated by the drug companies to make money instead of saving lives.
• Link!
. - [6] The true number of premature deaths associated with preventable harm to patients was estimated at more than 400,000 per year. Serious harm seems to be 10- to 20-fold more common than lethal harm.
• Link!
. - [7] Study Suggests Medical Errors Now Third Leading Cause of Death in the U.S. killing 250,000 patients per year!
• Link!
. - [8] How Many Die from Medical Mistakes in U.S. Hospitals?
An updated estimate says it could be at least 210,000 patients a year.
• Link!
. - [9] ASSOCIATIONS OF DIET AND DISEASE: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF HEALTH CHARACTERISTICS IN CHINA
• T. Colin Campbell, PhD Jacob Gould Schurman Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry
• PDF
. - [10] EXPOSING THE FRAUD AND MYTHOLOGY OF CONVENTIONAL CANCER TREATMENTS
9 out of 10 oncologists would refuse chemotherapy if they had cancer!
That's up to 91%
A 14-year study by two oncologists in Australia reported in the film "A Shocking Look at Cancer Studies" that conventional treatment such as chemotherapy for all of our major cancers is totally ineffective -- far below a 10% success rate.
A study by researchers from the Nordic Cochrane Center in Demark reviewed both the benefits and negative effects of seven breast cancer screening programs on 500,000 women.
For every 2,000 women who received mammograms over a 10-year period, only one would have her life prolonged, but ten would be harmed.
This is because mammograms can actually INCREASE a woman's risk of developing breast cancer by as much as 3% a year by irradiating the breast cells and triggering breast cancer.
• Link!
. - [11] High-fat Western diet-induced obesity contributes to increased tumor growth in mouse models of human colon cancer.
In conclusion, this study suggests that human colon cancer growth is accelerated in animals that are obese and insulin resistant due to the consumption of a High-fat Western diet.
Nutr Res. 2016 Dec ;36(12):1325-1334. Epub 2016 Oct 20. PMID: 27866828
. - [12] Low adherence to the western and high adherence to the Mediterranean dietary patterns could prevent colorectal cancer.
A high adherence to the Western dietary pattern was associated with increased CRC risk for both males [OR(95% CI): 1.45 (1.11;1.91)] and females [OR(95% CI): 1.50 (1.07;2.09)]
The protective effect of the Mediterranean dietary pattern against CRC was observed for both sexes [males: OR(95% CI): 0.71 (0.55;0.92); females: OR(95% CI): 0.56 (0.40;0.77)] and for all cancer sites: proximal colon [OR(95% CI): 0.70 (0.51;0.97)], distal colon [OR(95% CI): 0.65 (0.48;0.89)], and rectum (OR(95% CI): 0.60 (0.45;0.81)].
CONCLUSION: Our results are consistent with most of the associations previously found between these patterns and breast, prostate and gastric cancer risk and indicate that consuming whole fruits, vegetables, legumes, olive oil, nuts, and fish and avoiding red and processed meat, refined grains, sweets, caloric drinks, juices, convenience food, and sauces might reduce CRC (colorectal cancer) risk.
Eur J Nutr. 2018 Mar 26. Epub 2018 Mar 26. PMID: 29582162
OR = Odds Ratio:
An OR of 0.5 equates to an approximately 50% better outcome for the treated group compared to the control/placebo group -
or an approximately 100% worse outcome for the placebo/control group compared to the treated group.
[13] Effects of a very high saturated fat diet on LDL (Low-density lipoprotein Cholesterol) particles in adults with atherogenic dyslipidemia: A randomized controlled trial
Previous studies have shown that increases in LDL-cholesterol resulting from substitution of dietary saturated fat for carbohydrate or unsaturated fat are due primarily to increases in large cholesterol-enriched LDL, with minimal changes in small, dense LDL particles and apolipoprotein B.
Results
Compared to the LSF (Low Saturated Fat) diet, consumption of the HSF (High Saturated Fat) diet resulted in significantly greater increases from baseline (% change; 95% CI) in plasma concentrations of apolipoprotein B
(HSF vs. LSF: 9.5; 3.6 to 15.7 vs. -6.8; -11.7 to -1.76; p = 0.0003)
and medium
(8.8; -1.3 to 20.0 vs. -7.3; -15.7 to 2.0; p = 0.03),
small
(6.1; -10.3 to 25.6 vs. -20.8; -32.8 to -6.7; p = 0.02),
and total LDL
(3.6; -3.2 to 11.0 vs. -7.9; -13.9 to -1.5; p = 0.03) particles, with no differences in change of large and very small LDL concentrations.
As expected, total-cholesterol (11.0; 6.5 to 15.7 vs. -5.7; -9.4 to -1.8; p<0.0001) and LDL-cholesterol (16.7; 7.9 to 26.2 vs. -8.7; -15.4 to -1.4; p = 0.0001) also increased with increased saturated fat intake.
Conclusions
Because medium and small LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein; 'bad' Cholesterol) particles are more highly associated with cardiovascular disease than are larger LDL, the present results suggest that very high saturated fat intake may increase cardiovascular disease risk in phenotype B individuals.
PMCID: PMC5293238 PMID: 28166253
[14] The Great American Healthcare Scam: How Kickbacks, Collusion and Propaganda have Exploded Healthcare Costs in the United States
Overview
The 50 medications profiled here are marketed in the U.S. by 16 different pharmaceutical companies and earned each of these companies a lot of money in 2018.
How much money?
$220 billion in worldwide sales and $136 billion from sales in the U.S. alone! And that’s what the pharmaceutical companies earned after paying all of their rebates and chargebacks.
Link to website!