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Vitamin D; its enormous importance to your Health, the prevention of Covid-19, the Flu & much more!

Posted: Thu Jan 13, 2022 12:51 pm
by savvy_lass
And why you should ensure that you always obtain sufficient Vitamin D by solar and dietary means!

Vitamin D referred to in studies as 25-hydroxyvitamin D measured as serum 25(OH) D in ng/ml, and sometimes as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

Note: this is not medical advice; do your own research and consult an appropriate health professional like a Naturopath who always aims to treat the cause, not just the symptoms as today's allopathic medicine does.

• Everyone knows that we get Vitamin D from the Sun.
The two forms of Vitamin D are D2, Ergocalciferol, and D3, Cholecalciferol.
D3 is the kind we get when we are directly exposed to sun rays.
Image
Vitamin D from the sun!

The sun’s Ultraviolet B rays, UVB, convert Cholesterol in your skin endogenously into Vitamin D3.
✘ See Footnote [α] below
The body then stores excess Vitamin D in Fat Cells, while the Liver and Kidneys convert it as needed through a process called hydroxylation into Calcitriol to be utilised by the body’s cells.
✘ See Footnote [β] below

Most cells in the body have a receptor for this Vitamin and hence it is used by the body for large range of functions.
Vitamin D is Fat soluble and is stored in the Liver and adipose tissue (fat), thus it can accumulate in these cells and taking too much of this Vitamin can cause toxicity over time due to the slow elimination or usage-depletion of this Vitamin.
  • The standard recommendation is to have a concentration of between 20 and 50 nanograms / milliliter, ng/mL, of Calcitriol/Vitamin D in your blood.

    Another measure is nano mol, where:
    • 1 nmol/L = 0.4 ng/mL,
    and visa-versa
    • 1 ng/mL = 2.5 nmol/L.

A range of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] Concentrations is given as follows:

ng/mL nmol/L Level
>60ng/mL 150nmol/L consider high or too high **
20 – 50ng/mL 50 - 125nmol/L Normal Range
<20ng/mL 50nmol/L considered too low and supplementation should be implemented
<12ng/mL 30nmol/L acute deficiency
Image

** Note that some Protocols for the prevention and treatment of Covid-19 and for the elimination of the Spike Protein being injected with these ‘Covid-Vaccines’ call for concentrations of 100ng/mL as a short term, e.g. 21 days, counter measure!

Maintenance Dosage:
  • 1 Capsule of 1.25 mg Cholecalciferol / Vitamin D3 per month
    or 100 mcg (micro grams) or 400 IU, per Day of Cholecalciferol, i.e. Vitamin D3.
• This can be adjusted according to needs following prudent guidelines as outlined below.

Vitamin D has many functions:
  • Anti-Inflammatory Agent
    Image
  • Keeping the Lungs free of infections due to its anti-inflammatory properties
  • Prevention of High Blood Pressure; the higher the Vitamin D concentration the more likely Blood Pressure stays normal
  • Brain acuity; low Vitamin D has been associated with cognitive impairment.
  • Keeping the Kidneys healthy and aiding its vital functions
  • Keeping a normal Weight level. Low levels of Vitamin D are impairing the ‘Appetite Hormone’ Leptin, to cause Food cravings leading to obesity.
  • Vitamin D aids in the absorption of Calcium and Phosphate which is essential for healthy bones.
    Image
    Progression of Osteoporosis

    Insufficient Vitamin D causes Osteomalacia i.e. soft Bones, Osteoporosis and rickets in children i.e. deformation of the bones.
    This is via a process governed by the Parathyroid which balances the Calcium in the body; if there is insufficient Vitamin D the Parathyroid withdraws Calcium from the Bones to maintain the appropriate level.
  • Modulation of Cell growth
  • Glucose metabolism

♦ Adequate levels of Vitamin D3 can prevent and/or treat:
Note this is a small selection of studies evaluating the efficacy of Vitamin D3 in the prevention and treatment of diseases.
Image

♦ Vitamin D is a very important component of Covid-19 or Influenza/Cold prevention Protocols!
Read more here!

Vitamin D deficiency can have many symptoms:
  • Frequently catching a Cold/Flu
  • Asthma [10]
  • Tiredness and low energy
  • Lower Back pain and general pain of the bones
  • Cardiovascular Disease
  • Type 1 & 2 Diabetes
  • MS, Multiple Sclerosis
  • Cancer
  • Depression, Anxiety and Moodiness.
  • Hypocalcemic Tetany; i.e. Muscle Cramps
  • Loss of Hair particularly in women
  • Osteoporosis, Osteomalacia

The official Recommended Daily Allowance, RDA, is:
Person Dosage max Dosage
Adults 600 IU not exceeding 4,000 IU
Over 70 years 800 IU not exceeding 4,000 IU
Babies 0 – 6 months 300 IU not exceeding 1,000 IU
Babies 6 – 12 months 400 IU not exceeding 1,500 IU
Children 1 – 3 years 600 IU not exceeding 2,500 IU
Children 4 – 10 years 600 IU not exceeding 3,000 IU

• Please not that whole-body exposure to the sun for a day,without getting sun-burnt, can provide the equivalent of 20,000 IU, depending on the person's type of skin, cholesterol levels, time of year, and latitude.
A day in the sun in the tropics can provide up to 40,000 IU equivalent of Vitamin D3. [1][2]

• Also note that much higher daily doses can be administered as per studies:
Doses of more than 50,000 IU per day raise levels of 25-hydroxyvita-min D to more than 150 ng per milliliter and are often associated with hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia.
Doses of 10,000 IU of vitamin D3 per day for up to 5 months, however, do not cause toxicity.


• During pregnancy women were administered 4,000 IU/day during the entire course of pregnancy and this was found to the most adequate supplementation whereas lower dosages were deemed insufficient. [41]


Dietary sources of Vitamin D are:
Food Measure IU % of RDA
Cod-Liver Oil 1 Tablespoon 1,300 IU 215 % of RDA
Salmon 100 grams 520 IU 86 % of RDA
White Mushrooms; grown with sun exposure ½ Cup 360 IU 60% of RDA
Tuna canned 100 grams 180 IU 30% of RDA
Mackerel 100 grams 80 IU 13% of RDA
Beef Liver 100 grams 48 IU 8% of RDA
Egg Yolk 1 Yolk 40 IU 6.5% of RDA
Mushrooms 1 Cup 33 IU 5.5% of RDA

Conversion of µg to IU
  • Cholecalciferol: 1 µg per 40 IU

For a RDA of 800 this equates to 20µg of Cholecalciferol or 0.02 mg

✘ Footnotes

• Footnote [α]
This process is highly dependent upon the physiology of the individual. Some people, elderly in particular, have thin skin and low subcutaneous fat tissue and thus get insufficient Vitamin D3 from this process.
Also for dark skinned people the high Melanin content in the Epidermis prevents the sun's UVB radiation to produce sufficient Vitamin D3.

• Footnote [β]
Vitamin D obtained from sun exposure, foods, and supplements is biologically inert and must undergo two hydroxylations in the body for activation. The first hydroxylation, which occurs in the liver, converts vitamin D to 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], also known as “calcidiol.”
The second hydroxylation occurs primarily in the kidney and forms the physiologically active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], also known as “calcitriol”.


♦ Bibliography
  • [1] Prospective Study of Predictors of Vitamin D Status and Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Men
    From 1986 through January 31, 2000, we documented 4286 incident cancers (excluding organ-confined prostate cancer and non-melanoma skin cancer) and 2025 deaths from cancer. From multivariable models, an increment of 25 nmol/L in predicted 25(OH)D level was associated with a 17% reduction in total cancer incidence.

    Solar UV-B radiation is the major source of vitamin D for most people. Being exposed to enough UV-B radiation to cause a slight pinkness to the skin in light-skinned persons with most of the skin uncovered (i.e., one minimal erythemal dose) produces a plasma vitamin D response equivalent to an oral dose of 20 000 IU of vitamin D
    Link!

    .
  • [2] Benefits of Vitamin D Supplementation
    People with adequate levels from sun exposure will not benefit from supplementation. While dietary intake is helpful, supplementation is better able to raise serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D , the major circulating metabolite, to the level now thought adequate, 30-50 ng/mL.

    Where there is inadequate daily sun exposure, oral doses of 1,000-2,000 IU/d are now considered routine, with much higher doses (up to 50,000 IU) for rapid repletion now considered safe.

    Typical levels in adults are 18 ng/mL in winter and 30 ng/mL in summer, while 100 ng/mL may be attained with daily high sun exposure with no ill effects if no sunburn occurs.
    Excess sun exposure does not cause vitamin D toxicity because excess UV-B degrades it, by an known biochemical pathway.

    Of those with the highest quartile of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (28 ng/mL), 13% died.
    Of those with the lowest quartile of 25- hydroxyvitamin D (8 ng/mL), 37% died.

    Because of the results of trials described above, as well as results showing that parathyroid hormone levels reach a minimum with 25- hydroxyvitamin D levels of 30-40 ng/mL, and because people who live or work in the sun have levels of 50-70 ng/mL, many recommendations are for these higher levels.
    Vitamin D intoxication is observed when serum levels are >150 ng/mL; however, sunlight never allows such levels to be reached because of a biochemical feedback reaction, and supplementation in the deficient rarely allows such levels to be reached. Signs of Vitamin D toxicity include headache, weakness, nausea and vomiting, and constipation. Calcium deposits in soft tissues can occur. Attempts to justify efforts to find patentable analogs of vitamin D exaggerate its hypercalcemic effects.
    A recent review concluded that 10,000 IU/d of D is safe in adults.
    Link!

    .
  • [3] Vitamin D and lung cancer risk: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis
    Current data suggest an inverse association between serum vitamin D and lung cancer risk.
    A high vitamin D intake was inversely correlated with the lung cancer risk.
    The linearity model of the dose-response analysis indicated that with every 100 IU/day increase in vitamin D intake, the risk of lung cancer decreased by 2.4%

    .
  • [4] Apoptosis Is Induced by the Active Metabolite of Vitamin D3 and Its Analogue EB1089 in Colorectal Adenoma and Carcinoma Cells: Possible Implications for Prevention and Therapy
    Vitamin D3 is believed to reduce the risk of colon cancer, and serum levels inversely correlate with colorectal cancer incidence. The active metabolite, 1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, has previously been shown to inhibit growth and promote differentiation of colon cancer cells.

    .
  • [5] Vitamin D and lung cancer risk: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis
    Conclusion: Current data suggest an inverse association between serum vitamin D and lung cancer risk. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of vitamin D intake on lung cancer risk and to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation can prevent lung cancer.
    PMID: 25967968 DOI: 10.1159/000374072


    [6] Current data suggests an inverse association between serum vitamin D and lung cancer risk.
    CONCLUSION: Current data suggest an inverse association between serum vitamin D and lung cancer risk. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of vitamin D intake on lung cancer risk and to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation can prevent lung cancer.
    Cell Physiol Biochem. 2015 ;36(1):299-305. Epub 2015 May 4. PMID: 25967968

    .
  • [7] Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of bladder carcinoma in the present study.
    CONCLUSION: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of bladder carcinoma in present study.
    Cell Physiol Biochem. 2015 Nov 9 ;37(5):1686-1692. Epub 2015 Nov 9. PMID: 26545152

    .
  • [8] 25(OH)D may be associated with reduced risk of lung cancer, in particular among subjects with vitamin D deficiencies.
    Mounting experimental evidence supports a protective effect of high 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), a good indicator of vitamin D status, on risk of various cancers including lung cancer.
    CONCLUSION: This dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies suggests that 25(OH)D may be associated with reduced risk of lung cancer, in particular among subjects with vitamin D deficiencies.
    Cancer Causes Control. 2015 Sep 10. Epub 2015 Sep 10. PMID: 26358829

    .
  • [9] Alzheimer's disease cases have lower serum vitamin D concentrations than matched controls.
    In conclusion, AD cases had lower serum vitamin D concentrations than matched controls. This reinforces the conceptualization of vitamin D as a 'neurosteroid hormone' and as a potential biomarker of AD.
    J Alzheimers Dis. 2012 Oct 5. Epub 2012 Oct 5. PMID: 23042216

    .
  • [10] Asthmatic children had lower 25(OH)D levels as compared to nonasthmatic children.
    There is growing literature suggesting a link between Vitamin D deficiency and asthma in children
    Lung India. 2017 Jul-Aug;34(4):355-363. PMID: 28671167

    .
  • [11] Association between serum vitamin D and chronic rhinosinusitis: a meta-analysis.
    CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that serum vitamin D level might be associated with patients with chronic rhinosinusitis as we detected a significant association between lower serum vitamin D status and chronic rhinosinusitis, especially in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps patients.
    Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2019 Oct 3. Epub 2019 Oct 3. PMID: 31653607

    .
  • [12] Available data indicates that lower vitamin D status may be associated with increased risk of developing AD and dementia.
    In recent years, the associations between vitamin D status and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia have gained increasing interests. The present meta-analysis was designed to estimate the association between vitamin D deficiency and risk of developing AD and dementia.
    CONCLUSION: Available data indicates that lower vitamin D status may be associated with increased risk of developing AD and dementia.
    Nutr J. 2015 ;14(1):76. Epub 2015 Aug 1. PMID: 26231781

    .
  • [13] Being in the lowest quartile of vitamin D levels is associated with a 26% increased rate of all-cause mortality
    In patients undergoing dialysis, therapy with calcitriol or paricalcitol or other vitamin D agents is associated with reduced mortality. Observational data suggests that low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (25[OH]D) are associated with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cancers.
    CONCLUSION: The lowest quartile of 25(OH)D level (<17.8 ng/mL) is independently associated with all-cause mortality in the general population.
    Arch Intern Med. 2008 Aug 11;168(15):1629-37. PMID: 18695076

    .
  • [14] Blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration is inversely associated with hypertension.
    Increasing evidence indicates that vitamin D may influence the risk of hypertension, which is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We conducted a meta-analysis to quantitatively review and summarize the results on the association between blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and hypertension.
    CONCLUSION: Findings from this meta-analysis indicate that blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration is inversely associated with hypertension.
    J Hypertens. 2011 Apr;29(4):636-45. PMID: 21191311

    .
  • [15] Doubling global vitamin D levels could significantly reduce mortality.
    The goal of this work is to estimate the reduction in mortality rates for six geopolitical regions of the world under the assumption that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels increase from 54 to 110 nmol/l.
    Conclusions:Increasing serum 25(OH)D levels is the most cost-effective way to reduce global mortality rates, as the cost of vitamin D is very low and there are few adverse effects from oral intake and/or frequent moderate UVB irradiance with sufficient body surface area exposed.
    Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011 Jul 6. Epub 2011 Jul 6. PMID: 21731036

    .
  • [16] Evidence from observational studies indicates inverse associations of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D with risks of death due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other causes.
    CONCLUSIONS: Evidence from observational studies indicates inverse associations of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D with risks of death due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other causes. Supplementation with vitamin D3 significantly reduces overall mortality among older adults
    BMJ. 2014 ;348:g1903. Epub 2014 Apr 1. PMID: 24690623

    .
  • [17] Higher levels of serum 25(OH)D was associated with a lower risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
    CONCLUSION: Higher levels of serum 25(OH)D was associated with a lower risk of dementia and AD
    Nutr Neurosci. 2018 Feb 15:1-10. Epub 2018 Feb 15. PMID: 29447107

    .
  • [18] Reduced exposure to sunlight were significantly associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease.
    CONCLUSIONS Insufficiency and deficiency of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and reduced exposure to sunlight were significantly associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease.
    Med Sci Monit. 2019 Jan 23 ;25:666-674. Epub 2019 Jan 23. PMID: 30672512

    .
  • [19] Supplementation with around 1600 IU/daily of 25-hydroxyvitamin D results in a clinically meaningful atopic dermatitis severity reduction.
    Overall, the AD population, especially the paediatric subset, may be at high-risk for lower serum 25(OH)D. Supplementation with around 1600 IU/daily results in a clinically meaningful Atopic Dermatitis severity reduction.
    Nutrients. 2019 Aug 9 ;11(8). Epub 2019 Aug 9. PMID: 31405041

    .
  • [20] Vitamin D Deficiency
    Doses of more than 50,000 IU per day raise levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to more than 150 ng per milliliter are associated with hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia.
    Doses of 10,000 IU of vitamin D3 per day for up to 5 months, however, do not cause toxicity.
    Exposure to one minimal erythemal dose while wearing only a bathing suit is equivalent to ingestion of approximately 20,000 IU of vitamin D2.
    The skin has a great capacity to make vitamin D3, even in the elderly, to reduce the risk of fracture.

    In patients with any stage of chronic kidney disease, 25-hydroxyvitamin D should be measured annually, and the level should be maintained at 30 ng per milliliter or higher, as recommended in the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines from the National Kidney Foundation.

    Lactating women given 4000 IU of vitamin D3 per day not only had an increase in the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to more than 30 ng per milliliter but were also able to transfer enough vitamin D3 into their milk to satisfy an infant’s requirement.

    Treatment

    Adults, pregnant/lactating women, chronic kidney disease, lymphomas, obesity, hyperparathyroidism:
    50,000 IU of vitamin D2 every wk for 8 weeks; repeat for another 8 wk if 25-hydroxyvitamin D <30 ng/ml

    .
  • [21] The evidence from this meta-analysis indicates an association between vitamin D deficiency and an increased risk of community-acquired pneumonia.
    The evidence from this meta-analysis indicates an association between vitamin D deficiency and an increased risk of Community Acquired Pneumonia patients.
    Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Sep ;98(38):e17252. PMID: 31567995

    .
  • [22] The meta-analysis produced a corroboration that vitamin D supplement has a preventive effect on influenza.
    Vitamin D supplementation improves the immune function of human body and can be a convenient way to prevent influenza.
    The study finding indicates that substitution with vitamin D significantly reduces the risk of influenza infections
    Front Nutr. 2021 ;8:799709. Epub 2022 Jan 7. PMID: 35071300

    .
  • [23] The results showed that high dose vitamin D treatment could potentially benefit adults with chronic heart failure.
    Vitamin D deficiency commonly occurs in chronic heart failure.
    The results showed that high dose vitamin D treatment could potentially benefit adults with chronic heart failure
    Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2019 Apr 16:1-10. Epub 2019 Apr 16. PMID: 30987550

    .
  • [24] There is a consistent inverse relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and colorectal cancer was found.
    Epidemiological studies have suggested a reduced risk of several cancers associated with high vitamin D status. We performed a systematic review with meta-analyses of observational studies of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and colorectal, breast and prostate cancer and colonic adenoma.
    In conclusion, a consistent inverse relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and colorectal cancer was found.
    Int J Cancer. 2011 Mar 15 ;128(6):1414-24. PMID: 20473927

    .
  • [25] There is a highly significant linear dose-response relationship between circulating 25-OH-D levels and overall survival in patients with breast cancer.
    Studies have shown that vitamin D could have a role in breast cancer survival
    Our findings suggest that there is a highly significant linear dose-response relationship between circulating 25-OH-D levels and overall survival in patients with breast cancer.
    Integr Cancer Ther. 2017 May 1:1534735417712007. Epub 2017 May 1. PMID: 28589744

    .
  • [26] This meta-analysis demonstrated the beneficial effects of vitamin D on improving glycemic control, HDL-cholesterol and CRP levels among patients with CVD.
    BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and chronic inflammation are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Hence, vitamin D supplementation might be an appropriate approach to decrease the complications of CVD.
    CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis demonstrated the beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation on improving glycemic control, HDL-cholesterol and CRP levels among patients with CVD
    Curr Pharm Des. 2019 Mar 8. Epub 2019 Mar 8. PMID: 30854952

    .
  • [27] This meta-analysis indicated a significant association between vitamin D insufficiency and increased risk of Urinary Tract Infections.
    This meta-analysis indicated a significant association between Vitamin D insufficiency and increased risk of UTI, especially in children.
    Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2019 Jan ;49(1):134-142. PMID: 30814089

    .
  • [28] This meta-analysis indicates an association between vitamin D deficiency and an increased risk of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes patients.
    In conclusion, the evidence from this meta-analysis indicates an association between vitamin D deficiency and an increased risk of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes patients.
    Nutrients. 2017 Mar 20 ;9(3). Epub 2017 Mar 20. PMID: 28335514

    .
  • [29] This meta-analysis suggest that vitamin D deficiency is associated with a higher risk of sleep disorders.
    This meta-analysis suggest that vitamin D deficiency is associated with a higher risk of sleep disorders.
    Nutrients. 2018 Oct 1 ;10(10). Epub 2018 Oct 1. PMID: 30275418

    .
  • [30] This study determines the positive efficacy of vitamin D supplementation for chronic liver disease.
    RESULTS: This meta-analysis will further determine the beneficial efficacy of VD supplementation on the progression of fibrosis in patients with CLD.
    CONCLUSION: This study determines the positive efficacy of VD supplementation for CLD.
    Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 May ;99(19):e20296. PMID: 32384521

    .
  • [31] Vitamin D deficiency aggravates COVID-19.
    A vitamin D concentration insufficiency increased hospitalization and mortality from COVID-19.
    We observed a positive association between vitamin D deficiency and the severity of the disease.
    Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020 Nov 4:1-9. Epub 2020 Nov 4. PMID: 33146028

    .
  • [32] Vitamin D insufficiency was associated with risk of preterm birth.
    CONCLUSIONS: We found vitamin D insufficiency to be associated with risk of PTB.
    PLoS One. 2017 ;12(3):e0173605. Epub 2017 Mar 17. PMID: 28306725

    .
  • [33] Vitamin D levels are lower in IBD patients, suggesting that vitamin D plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disorder, IBD.
    CONCLUSION: Our study shows that IBD patients have lower vitamin D levels. For active CD patients, vitamin D levels were low. These findings suggest that vitamin D may play an important role in the development of IBD
    PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0132036. Epub 2015 Jul 14. PMID: 26172950

    .
  • [34] Vitamin D supplementation between 700 to 800 IU/d appears to reduce the risk of hip and any nonvertebral fractures in ambulatory or institutionalized elderly persons.
    CONCLUSIONS: Oral vitamin D supplementation between 700 to 800 IU/d appears to reduce the risk of hip and any nonvertebral fractures in ambulatory or institutionalized elderly persons. An oral vitamin D dose of 400 IU/d is not sufficient for fracture prevention.
    JAMA. 2005 May 11;293(18):2257-64. PMID: 15886381

    .
  • [35] Vitamin D supplementation reduced the rate of asthma exacerbation, especially in patients with vitamin D insufficiency.
    CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D supplementation reduced the rate of asthma exacerbation, especially in patients with vitamin D insufficiency. Additionally, the benefit of vitamin D had a positive effect on pulmonary function in patients with air limitation and vitamin D insufficiency.
    Respir Med. 2019 Apr ;150:85-94. Epub 2019 Feb 21. PMID: 30961957

    .
  • [36] Vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of cancer death by 16%.
    BMJ. 2019 08 12 ;366:l4673. Epub 2019 Aug 12. PMID: 31405892

    .
  • [37] Vitamin D supplementation reduces mortality in adults.
    CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D in the form of vitamin D(3) seems to decrease mortality in predominantly elderly women who are mainly in institutions and dependent care.
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011(7):CD007470. Epub 2011 Jul 6. PMID: 21735411

    .
  • [38] Vitamin D and immunomodulation in early rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study.
    A single dose of cholecalcipherol (300,000 IU) combined with standard treatment significantly ameliorates patients general health.
    PLoS One. 2017 ;12(6):e0178463. Epub 2017 Jun 5. PMID: 28582403

    .
  • [39] Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 are associated with greater disease severity.
    Higher prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency was observed in patients requiring ITU admission compared to patients managed on medical wards.
    Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2020 Jul 3. Epub 2020 Jul 3. PMID: 32621392

    .
  • [40] Vitamin D deficiency is a predictor of reduced survival in patients with heart failure; vitamin D supplementation improves outcome.
    CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in HF patients and is a significant predictor of reduced survival. Vitamin D supplementation was associated with improved outcome.
    Eur J Heart Fail. 2012 Feb 3. Epub 2012 Feb 3. PMID: 22308011

    .
  • [41] Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness.
    Not a single adverse event was attributed to vitamin D supplementation or circulating 25(OH)D levels. It is concluded that vitamin D supplementation of 4000 IU/d for pregnant women is safe and most effective in achieving sufficiency in all women and their neonates regardless of race, whereas the current estimated average requirement is comparatively ineffective at achieving adequate circulating 25(OH)D concentrations, especially in African Americans.
    J Bone Miner Res. 2011 Oct ;26(10):2341-57. PMID: 21706518

    .
  • [42] A formula containing calcium, vitamin D3, lycopene , astaxantin and citrus bioflavonoids reducing climacteric symptoms in menopausal women.
    MF Afragil® in the treatment of 34 menopause symptoms: a pilot study.
    A combination of calcium, vitamin D3, lycopene , astaxantin and Citrus bioflavoid (MF Afragil®) was administered for a period of 8 weeks to 65 women to determine its effects in reducing signs/symptoms of climacteric status.
    RESULTS: Following the treatment with MF Afragil®, the total MSSQ score was reduced by more than 45%.
    There was a significant reduction in hot flashes, CNS symptoms (depression, anxiety and panic disorders), incontinence and joint pain, which are among the most frequent symptoms of climacteric status.
    Osteoporosis was not analyzed due to the short period of treatment.
    Panminerva Med. 2010 Jun;52(2 Suppl 1):49-54. PMID: 20657535

    .
  • [43] Association between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and breast cancer risk.
    In summary, these results add to a growing body of evidence that adequate vitamin D stores may prevent breast cancer development.
    Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa). 2009 Jun;2(6):598-604. Epub 2009 May 26. PMID: 19470790

    .
  • [44] Higher Vitamin D Levels Are Associated with Better Attentional Functions
    RESULTS: Vitamin D-insufficiency was found in approx. 30 % of the study cohort. After adjustment for relevant covariates, higher serum 25(OH)D levels were associated with higher score on MMSE-NR (p=0.032) and 10-word Memory Test, immediate recall (p=0.038), as well as faster execution of Trail Making Test A and B (p=0.038 and p=0.021, respectively
    CONCLUSION: Higher vitamin D levels appear to be associated with better cognition, especially in areas of executive function and mental flexibility.
    J Nutr Health Aging. 2019 ;23(8):725-731. PMID: 31560030